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The muslims came to the Iberian Peninsula and defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Guadalete. A new army continued advancing north. Muza, governor of North Africa, led the advance.
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From 711 during the Umayyad Caliphate, Al-Andalus was a dependent emirate of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus, and an emir governed it.
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The Muslim Occupation of territory on the Iberian Peninsula, which they called Al-Andalus, happened in the context of a rapid Islamic Expansion. Muslim troops even tried to continue their advance northwards beyond the Iberian Peninsula but were stopped by the Franks in the Battle of Poitiers.
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Abd-Rahman I, escaping death at the hands of abbasids, fled to the iberian peninsula. He seized power, proclaimed himself Emir and refused to recognise the political authority of the caliph. He continued to recognise their religious superiority. Al-Andalus was an independent emirate of the Islamic Empire.
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Abd Al-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph of the caliphate of córdoba. In addition to political power, he also held the highest religious authority. The golden age of Al-Andalus developed.
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During the rule of Caliph Hisham II, Almanzor served as a chief minister and de facto ruler of Córdoba Caliohate. During this time he carried out military campaigns against the Christian kingdoms. When he died in 1002, the Caliphate entered a period of inestability which lasted until its disintegration in 1003.
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After its disegnation, the Caliphate divided and became Taifa kingdoms, which formor governors of the terriotories ruled. The Taifa kingdoms were weak, so they had to pay paria to the christian kingdoms to stop them invading. Despite this agreement, Alfonso IV captured Toledo from the muslims in 1085
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