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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Indians can form their own nations within the US, which the US would be the "guardians" of. -
Worcester v. Georgia
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the United States do not have jurisdiction over Indian nations within their borders. -
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act is passed in Congress, allowing squatters in the West to settle and claim vacant lands, many of which were owned by Mexicans. -
Fort Laramie Treaty
Sioux stay on reservations and guarunteed Black Hills, a sacred area for the Sioux, in return for money and provisions from the government -
Battle of Little Bighorn
The Sioux were offered $6 million for the land of Black Hills, but refused. General Custer of the US Army was then sent in, and planned for an attack. Custer split his men into 3 groups, but became anxious for battle and attacked the Sioux greatly outnumbered. Custer's force was completed decimated within 1 hour, and about 250 US Soldiers were killed. Their bodies were then mutilated by the Sioux, as they believed those bodies souls will never be free if they mutilated the bodies. -
Dawes Severalty Act
The Dawes Severalty Act turned Native Americas into private landholders. Each head of house was given up to 160 acres for farming or grazing. This was to seperate and assimilate the Natives into American culture, and get them off reservervations. It did not work out, as Natives had trouble with managing finances and learning how to farm. Thus, It was overturned in 1934. -
Ex Parte Crow Dog
Established tribal court jurisdiction over tribal members. -
Wounded Knee Creek Massacre (South Dakota)
On December 15th, 1890, Sitting Bull was being arrested by American Soldiers, a scuffle broke out, and Sitting Bull ended up dead. The Sioux flee Standing Rock to the Pine Ridge Reservation, to group up with fellow Native Americans. The United States Army caught wind of this and quickly caught up with the panicking Sioux. WWhen the Sioux were surrounded, a shot rang out and killed one of the soldiers. Soon, all of the Soldiers were shooting and killed over 300 unarmed Native Americans. -
Cuban Revolt
Cuban rebels stage an revolt led by the poet Jose Martí because they were tired of the cruel Spanish rule and wanted to be independent. -
Platt Amendmant
Under the Platt Amendment, the United States limits Cuban independence. The United States reserves the right to build a naval base on Cuba and enforces that Cuba cannot sign treaties with other countries or borrow money unless it is deemed agreeable to the United States. The U.S. government hands the government of Cuba over to the Cuban people. -
Jones-Shafroth Act
Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory and Puerto Ricans were granted citizenship from congress. -
World War 2 Begins
Hispanics were able to serve in the armed forces, The government hired short term farm workers known as braceros from Mexico to provide food. -
Native American's Secret Language
The government employed Native Americans who used their native language to relay messages over the radio to avoid detection from the Japanese. -
Zoot Suits Riot
fighting between Mexican youth who wore a type of suit known as a "zoot suit" and US servicemen in Los Angeles in 1943 who saw them as responsible for crimes. -
Cesar Chavez & the United Farm Workers
Cesar Chavez, Founder of the United Farm Workers used religion and non-violent protests to successfully lead a grape pickers strike in California for higher wages and collective bargaining rights. -
Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA)
Native Americans got many of the rights they wanted in the bill signed in 1968. These include:
• Right to free speech, press, and assembly
• Protection from unreasonable search and seizure
• Right of criminal defendant to a speedy trial, to be advised of the charges, and to confront any adverse witnesses
• Right to hire an attorney in a criminal case
• Protection against self incrimination -
Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) Continued
• Protection against cruel and unusual punishment, excessive bail, incarceration of more than one year and/or a fine in excess of $5,000 for any one offense
• Protection from double jeopardy or ex post facto laws
• Right to a jury trial for offenses punishable by imprisonment
• Equal protection under the law and due process -
National Council on Indian Opportunity
Created by executive order to bring economic opportunities to reservations.It was also created to encourage and oversee the rise of federal programs to benefit the American Indian population, measure the impact and progress of such programs, and suggest ways to improve programs to meet the demands of the American Indian population. -
Native American Rights Fund
Fund created to provide education, poverty and legal help that they were neglected from due to living on reservations, worked to make the issue recognized on a national level. -
American Indian Movement (AIM)
The American Indian Movement occupied the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota for 71 days and the abandoned Alactraz Island prison for 19 months to portray the terrible living conditions on federal reservations and broken treaties by the US government (1973).
