Mussolini

Formation of an independent Italy

Mar 17, 1861

Italy gained independence from Austria. This happened because of the Risorgimento nationalist movement created an independent Italy. Even though this was a huge success the people of Italy were still divided. I chose the country of Italy to show that it was now becoming its own and wasn't under the control of others.

Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy

1870

The Italians entered the Papal States in September 1870 and, through the backing of a plebiscite held in early October, annexed the Papal States and Rome to the Kingdom of Italy. In addition, the pope permitted Catholics to vote. This photo was chosen to show the divide of the Papal States.

Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa (Adwa)

1896

Italian defeat came about after the Battle of Adwa, where the Ethiopian army dealt the heavily outnumbered Italians and Eritrean askaris a decisive blow and forced their retreat back into Eritrea. I chose this photo because it hows the irony that even though the ethiopians look ill equipped they are actually better prepared and won the war

Italy invades and takes over Libya

Sep 29, 1911

Italian troops invaded the Turkish province of Libya (then part of the Ottoman Empire) and started the Italo-Turkish War. This resulted in Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica. This was ultimately unified as Italian Libya. I chose this image to show the new parts of italian libya being formed

Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti

1912

Avanti! which means "Forward!" in English was an Italian daily newspaper. Avanti! was inspired by the newspaper of the Social Democratic Party. . As a reaction, The Chamber of Work declared a general strike. This picture was chosen to show what was featured in the newspaper.

Mussolini kicked out of Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WW I

1914

Mussolini split from the Socialist Party in 1914. Starting his own newspaper, he encouraged violence from his supporters as unrest spread across the country. This photo shows Mussolini fighting for what he believes in.

Treaty of London

1915

was a secret treaty between the Triple Entente and the Kingdom of Italy that was signed in London on 26 April 1915 by the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy intent was to have Italy break away from its 33-year-old Triple Alliance with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, both the main Central Powers in the war and to switch its allegiance to the Triple Entente. this picture shows the triple entente.

Beginning of Biennio Rosso

1919

While spontaneous land occupations swept through the south, riots and lootings hit shopkeepers in the north and center in the summer of 1919, and prices were cut by half throughout the country. This picture shows the political and economic crisis at the time.

D’Annunzio takes Fiume

1919

Fiume was an area of the former Yugoslavia on the border of Italy and with a majority Italian population. D’Annunzio was trying to reunite all Italian people under ‘the Kingdom of Italy.’ He decided to capture the city of Fiume from Yugoslavia and give it to Italy. After a necromantic ceremony with his mistress in a cemetery in Venice, he set out to conquer Fiume and succeeded without any trouble to speak of. But Italy turned down his generous offer. This image shows him trying to take Fiume

Fascio di Combattimento formed in Milan

Mar 23, 1919

In March Mussolini's reign was even more prominent, founding his fasci di combattimento, better known as Fascists, in Milan in March 1919. The group's first program was a mishmash of radical nationalist ideas, with strong doses of anticlericalism and republicanism. This photo shows the facist flag to solidify the meaning.

Mussolini forms the PNF (Fascist Party) and is elected its leader

1921

October 1921-November 1921
The National Fascist Party was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini. He was installed as the leader of a new government, but had little power. This photo shows Mussolini leading the facist party.

Mussolini forms alliance with Giolitti

1921

Giolitti founded the National Blocs, an electoral list composed by his Liberals, the Italian Fasci of Combat led by Benito Mussolini. Giolitti's aim was to stop the growth of the Italian Socialist Party. This picture shows Giovanni Giolotti to show that he had an alliance with Mussolini.

March on Rome and Mussolini becomes Prime Minister

1922

In October 1922, Fascist Party leaders planned an insurrection, to take place on 28 October. the following day, 29 October 1922, the King appointed Mussolini as Prime Minister this ultimately transferred the political power to fascists without armed conflict. This photo shows the insurrection that was supposed to take place however it turned into an unarmed conflict.

Acerbo Law passed

1923

The Acerbo Law was an Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and passed by the Italian Parliament in November 1923. The purpose of the Acerbo law was to give Mussolini's fascist party a majority of deputies. This picture shows the law being created.

Corfu Incident

1923

Aug 29, 1923 – Sep 27, 1923
The Corfu incident was a 1923 diplomatic and military crisis between Greece and Italy. The Greeks refused to pay and so Mussolini occupied the Greek island of Corfu. The result of this is that the Conference of Ambassadors ordered Greece to accept Mussolini's demands and pay the full amount of compensation. This photo shows the city where the incident took place.

Aventine Secession

1924

1924–25
The Aventine Secession was the withdrawal of the parliament opposition. This was mainly composed of Italian socialists and communist parties following the murder of the fascists. This photo shows the succession that took place.

Matteotti Crisis

Jun 10, 1924

The Matteotti Crisis was a political confrontation between liberals and the Fascist government of Italy after the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti. He was kidnapped and then murdered by members of the Fascist party on 10th June 1924. This photo shows the burial of Matteotti.

Battle for Grain

1925

The Battle for Grain was an economic policy undertaken by the Fascists in Italy during the 1920s as a move toward autarky. On paper, this was successful and grain did increase in a decade by about 50%. This image shows the harvesting of grain that was such a pivotal moment in the 1920s.

Locarno Treaty signed

Dec 1, 1925

5–16 October 1925
The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland and was formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement,
This photo shows the signing of the Locarno treaty.

Battle for Land and Battle for the Lira

1926

The Battle for the Lira was an economic policy undertaken by the Fascists in Italy during the 1920s as an attempt to raise the claims of Italy becoming a great power. They were designed to increase the potential of Italy becoming a great power by reclaiming land and placing emphasis on home-grown produce. This photo then shows the struggle with Italy reclaiming land

Battle for Births

1927

Battle for Births 1927 to 1950
This time period marked the four battles that plagued fascist Italy in the twentieth century. Battle for births was one of the four and women were expected as a part of their duty to have children. This photo shows how women were expected to have children

Lateran Treaty with Pope

Jun 7, 1929

This treaty made three agreements possible. Those agreements were made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See settling the "Roman Question". This agreement mostly agreed to give the church financial compensation for losing the papal states. This photo shows the treaty being signed by Mussolini and the pope.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty signed

Jul 24, 1929

the Kellogg-Briand Treaty was an international pact in where states promised not to use war in order to solve disputes or conflicts within countries. However, there were no clear enforcements. This photo shows the treaty being signed and solidified.

Abyssinian Crisis

Dec 5, 1934

The Abyssinia Crisis was an international crisis in 1935 originating in what was called the Walwal incident, in turn, The League of Nations ruled against Italy and voted for economic sanctions, but they were never fully applied. This photo shows an article of the Abyssian Crisis.

Stresa Front

Apr 14, 1935

This was an agreement made in Stresa, which was a town in Italy. This opposed Adolf Hitler's intention to rearm Germany, which violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. In this photo, this shows Hitler wanting to go against the rules of the Treaty of Versailles.

Italian involvement with Spanish Civil War

1936

The Italian military started its involvement in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Italy provided the Nationalists with 660 planes, 150 tanks, 800 artillery pieces, 10,000 machine guns, and 240,000 rifles. This photo shows Italy's involvement in the war in how much weapons were given to Spain.

Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty signed

Oct 25, 1936

This was a coalition that was formed in 1936 between Germany and Italy in which the nations fought in WWII against the allies. This photo shows the joining of Hitler and Mussolini.

Munich Conference

Sep 29, 1938

This was a conference that was held in Munich when leaders of various countries agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. The Munich Conference happened due to many periods of negotiations. This photo shows the conference.

Italy invades Albania

Apr 7, 1939

This was ultimately a military campaign by Italy against Albania. This was a result of the policies that Mussolini made that caused this conflict. This photo shows Italy invading Albania with tanks and instilling fear in its counterparts.

Mussolini brought down by coup during WW II

1943

In 1943, Mussolini fell from power. This happened due to the fact that he was voted out of power by his own Grand Council, in addition to being arrested upon leaving a meeting with king Emanuele. This photo shows Mussolini being arrested which signifies his downfall.

Italy enters WW II on side of Germany

Oct 13, 1943

After Italy surrendered to its allied forces, Italy declared war on Germany, even though it was previously an Axis partner. Itlay was thus led to war by the fascist leader, Mussolini. This photo shows a news article that announces Italy's involvement in the war.

Mussolini Dies

Apr 28, 1945

On April 28, 1945, Mussolini was executed by a firing squad in Azzano Italy. This photo shows remembrance of Mussolini's death.