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Education Time Line
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Reconstruction ends
Civil War reconstruction formally ends and federal troops leave the south. The system of legal segregation between black and white is quickly established. Many Black Americans leave the south. -
Carlisle Indian School
First Indian Boarding School opens in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Model for similar school of assimilating Indian children into mainstream America. Jim Thorpe is an alumni. Over 10,000 Indian Children attended the 26 schools. -
Precursor to Tuskegee University Opens
Booker T. Washington is first principal. -
Hull House founded
Argued by some as the start of Social Welfare. Hull House is founded. It is open to recent European immigrants. The objective for Hull House was "To provide a center for a higher civic and social life; to institute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises, and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago." 1893". The Catholic University Of America. -
Three R's of Jane Addams
Jane Addams published her thoughts on the research conducted at Hull House. She stresses I"the three R's" of the settlement house movement: residence, research, and reform. It is the close cooperation with the neighborhood citizens, the scientific study of the factors causing poverty and dependence , communicating facts, and pressure for both social and legislative reform" -
Standard Secondary School Curriculum
Two views fought over the purpose of high school. Is it a college preparatory experience or a school offering a range of “practical” courses. The divide existed on economic, social and ethnic backgrounds. The NEA appoints a Committee of Ten in 1892 to establish a standard curriculum. Charles Eliot led the committee to two major recommendations: the earlier entry of some subjects and the teaching of a college oriented curriculum for both college-bound and terminal students. -
Dewey opens Laboratory School
John Dewey opens the laboratory school at the University of Chicago for the purpose of testinghis theories. He argued that educational progress was the fundamental method of social progress and reform and that any reform based on the fear of punishment would not work. -
Plessy v. Gerguson
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256 (1896).
Issue: Can the states consitutionally enact legislation requiring persons of different races to use seperate but equal segregated facilities?
Decision: Yes. Becomes legal precedent for many other segregation laws including seperate but equal education. -
My Pedagogic Creed
In "My Pedagogi Creed (1897) and "The School and Society (1899)" Dewey argued that education was the fundamental method of social progress and reform. He argued that through education society could formulate its purpose and then move to accomplish its purpose by organizing its resources and means for succeeding. -
Talks to Teachers of Psychology
William James made contributions to educational psychology. In a series of lectures Talks to Teachers on Psychology, published in 1899, James focused on an individuals educaton in terms of acquired habits of conduct and tendencies to behavior. Teachers are to train a pupil to behave. This is considered the first book on educational psychology. -
Association of American Universities founded
The Association of American Unviersities was founded in 1900 to promote higher education standards in U.S. universities and put them in line with European universities. Today, AAU is devoted to maintaining strong education and research in 60 U.S. universities and 2 in Canada. -
First public community college
J. Stanley Brown, superintendent of Joliet Township High School, and William Rainey Harper, president of the University of Chicago, founded JJC in 1901 as an experimental postgraduate high school program. Today it provides occupational education leading directly to employment, adult education and literacy programs, workforce development services, and student support services. Pre-baccalaureate programs are available for those wishing to transfer to a four year university. -
Pavlov's Conditioned Reflex
Ivan Pavlov and his assitant Ivan Flippovitch Tolotchinov develop the concept of conditioned reflex, The writings of James B. Watson promoted Pavlov's ideas of conditioning, which became a key concept in comparative psychology and behaviorism. -
Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls
Mary McLeod Bethune founds the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls in Daytona Beach Florida. -
Carnegie Units
The unit was developed in 1906 as a measure of the amount of time a student has studied a subject. For example, a total of 120 hours in one subject—meeting 4 or 5 times a week for 40 to 60 minutes, for 36 to 40 weeks each year—earns the student one "unit" of high school credit. Fourteen units were deemed to constitute the minimum amount of preparation that may be considered four years of high school preparation. preparation." -
Maria Montessori opens Children's House
Maria Montessori opened the Casa dei Bambini, or Children’s House, in a low-income district of Rome. -
Jane Addams "The Public School and the Immigrant Child"
Jane Addams is a founder of Hull-House in Chicago, a progressive social settlement that sought to reduce poverty through offering social services and educational opportunities to the poor immigrants and laborers of working-class Chicago. She argued that since the immigrant child does not know how to ask, the teacher must perceive and fulfill the child's desire to be led and in turn lead the family into the brotherhood of America. -
1909 First Female Superintendent
Ella Flagg Young becomes the first femal superintendent of a large school system. She was known as an educational reformer, and a strong proponent of the woman's suffrage movement. -
First US Montessori School
The first Montessori school opens in Tarrytown, New York -
"The Montessori Method" is Published
The Montessori approach is designed to help children with their inner construction as they grow from childhood to maturity. It draws its principles from the natural development of the child. It pays attention to each individual child's inner directives that guide the child toward wholesome growth. -
Educational Psychology, The Psychology of Learning
Edward Lee Thorndike publishes "Educational Psychology, The Psychology of Learning". Thorndike applied the laws of associative learning to humans and to the practice of education. For example: Thorndike studied how animals learn through trial and error, which leads to the "stamping in" of correct responses. Thorndike put a hungry cat in a box and gave it food when it escaped. Gradually the animal learned what it had to do to escape, as shown by the fact that the amount of time it took to e -
American Version of Standford Binet-Simon Scale Created.
Louis M. Terman and his Stanford University graduate students complete an American verison of the Binet-Simon Scale. This assessment has become widely known and is acknowledged as the standard for intelligence measurement. It is currently the "Fifth Edition of the Standford-Binet Scales. Terman, Lewis M. (1916): The Measurement of Intelligence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. -
Democracy and Education
Dewey publishes "Democracy and Education. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education. Dewey and his ideas help advance the ideas of the "progressive education movement" and the development of "experiential education". -
Army Alpha and Beta tests
Louis Terman helps the army develop a group intelligence test which will lay the groundwork for future standardized tests. -
Carlisle Indian Industrial School Closes
Critics would argue that this was not a noble experiment because removed and alienated Indians from their culture. -
Laboratory Nursery School
Lucy Sprague Mitchell founds the Bureau of Educational Experiments in New York, New York to study children's learning. A laboratory Nursery school is opened in 1918. -
Franklin Bobbitt "The Curriculum"
Bobbitt is best known for two books, The Curriculum (1918) and How to Make a Curriculum (1924). In these volumes he developed a theory of curriculum development borrowed from the principles of scientific management, which the engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor had articulated earlier in the century in his efforts to render American industry more efficient. -
Progressive Education Association Founded
The progressive education movement was active in the United States from the 1890's until the 1930s. Progressive educators argued that education should be based on the development of cooperative social skills, democratic behavoiors, and critical thinking. The greed, waste and corruption of America could then be changed to compassion, equality and humanism. -
19th Amendment and a woman's right to vote.
The 19th Amendment is passed giving women the right to vote. -
Little Albert Study
John B. Watson and his assistant conduct the Little Albert study using classical conditioning. The study showed that children could be conditioned to fear stimuli of which they had previously been unafraid. This study could not be conducted today. -
Study of "intellectually superior children"
Louis Terman begins a longitudinal study of intellectually superior children that continues into the 21st century. -
International Council for Exceptional Children
The International Council for Exceptional Children is founded at Columbia University Teacher's College. -
Bethune Cookman College
Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls merges with Cookman Institute in 1923. It becomes a coeducational high school. It eventually evolves into Bethune Cookman-College. It is now called Bethune-Cookman University. -
Wertheimer's principles of Gestalt
Wertheimer, M. (1923). Laws of organization in perceptual forms. Max Wertheimer was one of the principal proponents of Gestalt theory. The theory emphasizes higher-order cognitive processes and the idea of "grouping". The primary factors for grouping are: (1) proximity - elements nearness, (2) similarity - items similar in some respect, (3) closure - items are grouped together if they complete some entity, and (4) simplicity - organized according to symmetry, regularity, and smoothness. -
Franklin Bobbit "How to Make a Curriculum."
Bobbitt is best known for two books, The Curriculum (1918) and How to Make a Curriculum (1924). In these volumes he developed a theory of curriculum development borrowed from the principles of scientific management, which the engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor had articulated earlier in the century in his efforts to render American industry more efficient. -
Scopes Trial
Falling in what is the appropriate curriculum debate, The Tennessee vs. John Scopes trial is the evolution v. creationism. The debate continues today. -
SAT first administered.
The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is first administered. It was developed based on the Army Alpha test. -
Piaget's The Child's Conceptions of the World
The Child's Conception of the World is published. Piaget explores the ways in which the reasoning powers of young children differ from those of adults. Piaget's theory of cognitive development becomes an important influence in psychology and education. The book remains a major component of any course on children's psychological development -
Great Depression
The stock market crash begins the Great depression. Funding for education and research drys up. The result is school closings, teacher layoffs, and lower salaries. -
Alverez v. Lemon Grove School District
A grammar school, barred 75 children of Mexican descent arguing that the children caused health and sanitation problems and came from homes full of ignorance and poverty. A separate school was created to "Americanize" them. A judge ruled that Mexicans were officially Caucasians and under state law, Caucasian students could not legally be segregated from other Caucasians. Black, Asian, and Indian children could be segregated under the existing law. -
Dare the School Build a New Social Order?
Counts publishes his book, Dare the School Build a New Social Order. He was an early proponent of the progressive education movement. He was the leading critic affiliated with the school of Social reconstructionism in education. -
Works Progress Administration Begins
The Works Progress Administration puts unemployed to work on public works projects, including hundres of school buildings. -
Waples "People and Print"
Waples’s most influential work was People and Print (1937). It redirected researchers to compelling investigations and quantitative and qualitative explorations. His revolutionary approach to “why people read; what people read; and how reading affects individuals, social groups, and social institutions” allowed both a humanist’s interest in the betterment of society and the empiricist’s interest to improve understanding of the formation and expansion of knowledge by individuals. -
Wechsler Adult IQ.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is developed by David Wechsler. -
U.S. enters World War II
The United States enters World War II
