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First Black Teacher 1861
Mary Peake, she was instructed to teach to refugees. Even though in 1831, in Virgina it was forbidden to teach slaves or to free black people. This is important to the creation of schools today because we don't have a lot of black educators, and this was new information to me, and I thought it was important to include. -
Plessy vs Furguson 1896
An incident where an African American train passenger refused to sit in a car full of black people. Homer Plessy's argument that his constitutional rights were violated, and the supreme court ruled it as a law that ''implies merely a legal distinction'' between white and black people were not unconstitutional. (It wouldn't let me switch this slide and the 3rd slide. The 3rd slide has to do with the creation of schools.) -
Cummig v. Richmond County Board of Education the U.S. Supreme Court
They closed the only black school and kept the white schools open. This decision was based on the Plessy vs Furguson case, claiming it was responsible that separate but equal could apply for a black elementary school was open since there was small percentage of black students. And that a black student could go somewhere else for school. -
Brown vs The Board of Education
A class action suit on behalf of the black community whose child are required to attend a segregated school for black students. The browns attorney, Thurgood Marshall, challenges the ''separate but equal'', created in 1896 by the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy vs. Ferguson. This is important for the black community. -
Miranda vs Arizona 1966
Police must inform a suspect of their rights before questioning them. Ernesto Miranda confessed to rape and kidnapping. When he was at trial, he wanted to keep quiet and stated he was not advised of his rights and to counsel and to remain silent. It's important because the supreme court agreed that police must inform suspects of their rights before being questioned. -
Title IX 1972
Congress prohibits discrimination of the basis of sex. Like Brown v. Board of Education, a law needs a way of enforcement. It's important because No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation or denied benefits. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act 1975
free appropriate public education for all students.
It's important because its Regulations and adding alternate placements for a continuum of special classes and schools. It maintains the idea of a need to remove disabled learners from the mainstream.
Congress's pledge to fund 40% of additional costs to provide these services. As of 2019 it underfunds it by more than half. -
Plyer vs Doe 1982
U. S. Supreme Court rules denying children an education because of their parent's status. Plyler v. Doe State law allows local school districts to refuse to pay for undocumented students and parents. The Plyler School district charged tuition for students and a case was filed on behalf of these students. It's important because of the 14th Amendment; giving all peoples equal protection of the laws and to deny them the ability to live within the structure of the civic institutions. -
Grutter vs Bollinger 2003
Barbara G alleged her Equal Rights were violated when the school attempted to gain a diverse study body which resulted in the denial of admission. It's important because the Supreme court disagreed. And held school institutions higher education and an interest in promoting diversity. -
Roper vs Simmons 2005
It is cruel and unusual punishment to execute people for crimes they committed before the age of 18. Mathew Simmons was sentenced to death for the murder of women at the age of 17. It's important because the supreme court agreed with Roper and held the execute him which violate the 8th amendment.