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1494
Italian Wars
King Charles VII of France invaded Italy. During Italian Wars control of Italy was between these two powers.The Italian Wars officially ended in 1559. most significant impact of the Italian Wars was that it helped expose the rest of Europe to the ideas of the Italian Renaissance -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther's Writes 95 Theses
Luther made 95 theses about his problems with indulgences -
1525
Peasant's War
tens of thousands of German peasants stormed castles and monasteries, a rebellion known as the Peasants’ War because peasants were becoming more disgruntled by high taxes and a lack of power. -
1534
Act of Supremacy in England
Act of Supremacy defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, passed by the parliament -
1536
John Calvins Institutes of the Christian Religion
This book showed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. summary of Protestant theology/religious beliefs. wrote that men and women are sinful by nature. Taking Luther’s idea, he went on to say that God chooses a very few people to save. This doctrine is called predestination. The religion based on Calvin’s teachings is called Calvinism -
1540
Jesuit order founded
the pope created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus. Members were called Jesuits. Jesuits focused on three activities. founded schools throughout Europe, second mission was to convert non-Christians to Catholicism, third goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism. -
1542
Start of Roman Inquisition
To fight Protestantism, the Catholic Church established a Church court called the Roman Inquisition. main purpose of the Inquisition was to impose religious uniformity. Used harsh methods, including torture, to force a confession and punish heresy, or a denial of Church teachings. -
1543
Nicolaus Copernicus publises On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
heliocentric theory- the sun is the center of the universe, motionless, with the other planets including earth orbiting around it. Did not publish his finding until the last year of his life. -
1545
Council of Trent
1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
Charles V went to war with the Protestant princes he defeated them in 1547 but he failed to force them back into the Catholic Church. In 1555, Charles ordered all German princes to assemble in the city of Augsburg. the princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. This famous religious settlement was known as the Peace of Augsburg -
1559
Reign of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept.To please Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry. church services were also revised to be somewhat more acceptable to Catholics. -
1559
Scotland becomes Calvinist
When John Knox returned to Scotland in 1559, he put Calvin’s ideas to work. Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians. In the 1560s, Protestant nobles led by Knox made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion -
Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Calvin’s followers were called Huguenots and hatred between Catholics and Huguenots frequently led to violence. Catholic mobs began hunting for Protestants and murdering them and the massacre spread to other cities and lasted six months. Scholars believe that as many as 12,000 Huguenots were killed. -
Edict of Nantes
granted religious freedom to Protestants. -
Galileo Galilei publishes starry messenger
Telescope to observe details and could enlarge far off objects. Confirmed the sun was the middle of the solar system with the copernican theory -
Francis Bacon publishes Novum Organum
Francis urged scientists to experiment, then draw the conclusion. This approach is called epricism or experimental method -
Rene Descartes publishes meditations on the first philosophy
science can improve peoples lives. developed an analytical geometry. -
Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan
said that human are selfish people, and need a strong ruler to get law and order. Agreement made through which an organized society is brought to existence, a monarch -
John Locke publishes An essay concerning human understanding
natural or human rights-life, liberty, and property. If the government fails to do so (rights) citizens have a right to overthrow -
Baron De Montesquieu publishes Persian Letters
Believed that Britain was the best governed and most political balanced country. Proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. Came up with the idea of checks and balances. -
Volatire publishes Letters on the English (Lettres philosophiques)
fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. Used writing as a form of fighting for these. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes The Social Contract
argued that civilization corrupted peoples natural goodness. He viewed the social contrast as an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government