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Prenatal Development
Physical: formation of organs, development of sensory abilities, rapid growth fat accumulation
Emotional: stress response, maternal bonding, maternal voice recognition
Cognitive: neural tube formation, synapses form, memory learning -
Prenatal Development pt 2
Theories: Trust vs. mistrust stage is influenced by the prenatal environment. A healthy pregnancy promotes the foundation for trust, shaping the child’s ability to form secure attachments and build relationships later in life.
Challenges: Exposure to maternal stress, malnutrition, or harmful substances
Resolution: Providing a healthy prenatal environment through proper nutrition, regular medical care, stress management, and avoiding harmful substances -
Infancy
Physical: head neck control, sitting crawling, walking
Emotional: attachment, stranger anxiety, smiling laughter
Cognitive: object permanence, cause effect learning, language recognition babbling -
Infancy pt 2
Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust stage is fundamental in infancy as it lays the groundwork for emotional security, social development, and a child’s future relationships. Positive, consistent caregiving fosters trust, and inconsistent or neglectful care can lead to mistrust, affecting the child’s ability to develop healthy relationships later in life.
Challenges: difficulty forming secure attachments if caregivers are neglectful
Resolution: Consistent, nurturing, and responsive caregiving -
Toddlerhood
Physical: running, fine motor skills, improved coordination
Emotional: developing independence, tantrums, empathy
Cognitive: pretend play, saying sentences, problem solving -
Toddlerhood pt 2
Theories:Erikson’s Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage focuses on toddlers developing independence. Successful exploration of skills lead to autonomy and confidence, some caregivers can cause shame and doubt about their abilities.
Challenges:A toddler may struggle with developing independence if caregivers are overly controlling or dismissive, leading to feelings of shame and doubt about their abilities.
Resolution:Encouraging toddlers to try new tasks while providing gentle guidance and support -
Case Study #1: Harrison struggles in the transition to pre school
When Harrison went to pre school, he had many conflicts ranging from not following routine to yelling and throwing things. His teacher concluded that his behavior stemmed from lack of sleep. It relates to his stage of development because toddlers are growing so they need food, sleep, etc and they are more prone to tantrums. Relating to Erikson's theory, he felt confident in his choices and wasn't afraid to act out in class. -
Early Childhood
Physical: improved gross motor skills, refined motor skills, more physical independence
Emotional: improved emotional regulation, development of self concept, moral understanding
Cognitive: more complex vocab, logical thinking, understanding time sequencing -
Early Childhood pt 2
Theories:Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt stage involves children exploring their abilities through play and social interactions. Support fosters initiative and confidence, while criticism leads to guilt
Challenges:A child in early childhood may feel excessive guilt if their attempts to take initiative, such as exploring or trying new activities, are met with criticism or discouragement.
Resolution:Providing encouragement and positive reinforcement -
Case Study #2 Gloria remembers being 5 years old
When Gloria was grown up, she visited her hometown and remembered being 5 and wanting to stay a kid forever. At this stage in development she is developing more of an understanding of life and more complex emotions and she realized that she didn't want to be an adult. She demonstrates Eriksons initiative vs guilt because she is showing initiative in forming her own opinions about growing up and assessing it independently. -
Middle Childhood
Physical: increased strength, teeth development, improved hand eye coordination
Emotional: increased peer influence, understanding complex emotions, identity development
Cognitive: improved memory, academic skills develop, ability to see perspective -
Middle Childhood pt 2
Theories: Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority stage focuses on children developing skills and a sense of competence. When they succeed in tasks and receive encouragement, they feel a sense of industry and achievement. However, repeated failure or lack of support can lead to inferiority, causing feelings of inadequacy.
Challenges: developing feelings of inferiority if they struggle to succeed in things
Resolution:Encouraging effort, recognizing achievements, and providing constructive support