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Timeline Ends
Timetoast doesn't support dates before this so the rest of the timeline will be on a PowerPoint. -
Steel
The era of the legendary Damascus Steel. The secrets of producing Damascus steel have been lost to time, but the artefacts it produced have not. While the history of Damascus steel can be traced back to India in around 300 BC, it was during the Crusades of the Middle Ages that it acquired its legendary status — Damascus steel could bend under pressure without breaking but could also hold its edge, and the civilisations that mastered its production were feared. -
Zinc
Roasting is process used to remove the sulfur as it involves heating the zinc blende to temperatures up to 900 degrees Celsius. This method produces zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide, which is thenused to create sulfuric acid (ZnS + 1.5 O2 -> ZnO + SO2). After concentrating the zinc blende to just zinc oxide, a process called hydrometallurgical extracts zinc through the use of electrolysis with an electrical difference of 3.3-3.5 volts, causing the zinc to deposit on the aluminium cathodes. -
Zinc
The zinc will corrode instead of the iron as the zinc serves as a sacrificial anode. The corroded zinc will remain on the surface of the iron and acts as further protection for the iron. Another important use of zinc is in health supplements as humans require a small amount of zinc in their bodies. -
Zinc
In 1746, zinc was discovered in Germany by Andreas Marggraf. The two most common ores that are used to extract zinc are zinc blende (95%) and calamine. The mining of ore for zinc consists of 80% underground mining, 8% open pit mining and 12% both. The ore mined only contains 5-15% zinc, therefore concentration is required and this involves crushing and grounding for separation. Zinc blende contains mainly the elements of zinc and sulfur (25-30%), along with minor percentages of iron and lead. -
Zinc
The deposited material on the cathodes is collected and can contain up to 99.95% of the element zinc once it is stripped off, dried and melted into ingots. This process is used to extract zinc in 90% of today's extraction of zinc.
Zinc is mainly used in the building industry, automotive industry and construction industry. One of the most useful methods of utilising the properties of zinc is called galvanising. This involves coating a metal such as iron with zinc as a protective coat. -
Nickel
Discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt while he was trying to extract copper from kupfernickel but instead produced nickel. The element was named after a mischievous sprite in German mythology named Nickel.
Most of today’s nickel is extracted from the mineral pentlandite. -
Nickel
Due to nickel’s resistance to corrosion and its strength, it is used in many alloys such as stainless steel. It is also used for machine parts, guitar strings, coinage and giving a green tint to glass. Nickel is one of the few elements which are magnetic at room temperature. With this property, nickel is used in very powerful magnets known as alnico magnets.
The use of nickel in coins has decreased over the past decade due to its increasing price. -
Platinum
The (NH4)2PtCl6 is burned to leave an impure platinum sponge. This can be purified by redissolving in aqua regia, removal of rhodium and iridium impurities by treatment of the solution with sodium bromate, and precipitation of pure (NH4)2PtCl6 by treatment with ammonium hydroxide. The platinum metal is finally produced through burning.
Platinum is used in jewelry (shiny) and more commonly as a catalyst in automobiles. -
Platinum
Platinum, number 78 on the periodic table was first used by South American Indians over 1000 years ago. It was officially recognised as an element in 1751.
The ore is treated with aqua regia producing a solution containing complexes of gold and palladium as well as H2PtCl6. The gold is removed from this solution as a precipitate by treatment with iron chloride. The platinum is precipitated out as impure (NH4)2PtCl6 on treatment with NH4Cl, leaving H2PdCl4 in solution. -
Manganese
It was named for various black minerals such as pyrolusite from Greece
By the mid-18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. However Scheele was aware that pyrolusite contained a new element, but he was unable to isolate it.
Manganese was discovered by Johann Gahn in Sweden in 1774
He separated the element by reduced the dioxide with charcoal by heating. As a result, he produced the manganese metal sample. -
Manganese
Manganese is important to iron as it is used to produce steel.
Small amounts of manganese is used to improve the workability of the steel at high temperatures
Manganese is also used to combine with aluminium, providing a corrosion-resistant aluminium alloy. -
Tungsten
Tungsten is also known as wolfram and is represented by the chemical symbol W. It has a high melting and boiling point of 3422 degrees and 5930 respectively. Having been discovered as early as 1781 by Tobern Bergman and the first isolation taking place in 1783 by Juan Jose Elyhuyar and Fausto Elyhuyar it has many uses. Most notably, tungsten is used in light bulb filaments, X- ray tubes, radiation shielding surfaces, superalloys and electrodes in TIG welding. -
Tungsten
Some chemical applications of tungsten include crystal tungstates being used in scintillation detectors in nuclear science and salts containing tungsten being used in the tanning industry. Tungsten has physical properties like possessing the highest melting point of all metals as well as the highest tensile strength formed from strong covalent bonds all of which contribute to its many applications. Its chemical properties include elemental tungsten being resistant to oxygen, acids and alkalis. -
Silicon
First discovered in 1787 by Antoine Lavoisier.
Discovered as a component while working with another compound. The compound in which silicon was found in is called silicate. -
Uranium
Uranium (U) is a silvery-white metallic element in the actinide series, and is very dense (19.05 g/cm3), heavier than lead. It has an atomic number of 92, the most common isotope of Uranium are U-238, U-235, and a very small amount of U-234. It is a mildly radioactive element which has a half-life between 68.8 to 4.5 billion years, emitting alpha particles. It was first used in its uranium oxide form, added to a mixture of yellow glass. Then it was finally separated, and discovered in 1789. -
Uranium
Today, uranium is mined mostly in Kazakhstan, Canada, Australia and Russia. Mining uranium can be done through several processes, extracted typically through deep underground shafts or shallow open pits. It can also be extracted by injecting chemical solutions into underground deposits to dissolve uranium from the ore (known as leaching). Mined ore is crushed then leached to produce what is called “yellowcake”, a mixture of uranium oxides. -
Uranium (Uses)
Major uses of uranium include being a fuel in nuclear power reactors for electricity generation, the manufacturing of radioisotopes for medical a -
Uranium
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Titanium
Titanium was discovered by Reverend William Gregor in England in 1791, who was interested in minerals. He recognised the presence of titanium in menachanite.
Several years later, it was also discovered in rutile ore -
Yttrium
Modern techniques now involve complex techniques such as solvent extraction and ion exchange chromatography. Yttrium is stable and solid at room temperature but oxidizes when heated. It also reacts with water, which Yttrium decomposes to form hydrogen gas. Yttrium (Y2O3) is used in televisions, for the red phosphors it forms in tube television as well as combining it with metals to increase the strength of alloys. Yttrium oxide can also conduct electricity without major energy loss. -
Yttrium
Yttrium was discovered in 1794 by John Gadolin. It was found in a mineral called Gadolinite which was also discovered by Gadolin. It was named after the town it was discovered in, Ytterby which is in Sweden. Yttrium is usually found in lathanoid metals, and rarely occurs naturally, but the extraction of the metal is highly complex. It was usually extracted as a salt through the use of sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. -
Chromium
Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel and to produce several alloys. It is also used in plating as it prevents corrosion and gives a high-lustre finish. It is also used as a catalyst. Chromium compounds are valued as pigments for their vivid green, yellow, red and orange colours. The ruby takes its colour from chromium, and chromium added to glass imparts an emerald green colour.
Chromium is extracted commercially from chromite, also known as chromium oxide (Cr2O3). -
Chromium
Chromium is extracted commercially from chromite, also known as chromium oxide (Cr2O3).Chromium is extracted using the Thermite process, in which a reduction and oxidation reaction occurs. It requires a large amount of heat and gives out a large amount making it exothermic. Chromite reacts with aluminium and is reduced to pure Chromium and the aluminium is oxidised to form aluminium oxide.
Cr2O3 + 2Al -> Al2O3 + 2Cr -
Chromium
It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. Chromium was discovered by the French chemist Nicholas Louis Vauquelin at Paris in 1798. He was intrigued by a bright red mineral that had been discovered in a Siberian gold mine in 1766 and was referred to as Siberian red lead. It was then discovered that weapons which were found in burial pits, were found to have little corrosion. -
Silicon
In 1800, British chemist Humphry Davy proclaimed silicon a compound, not an element as Lavoisier insisted. It took twenty-four years to straighten out this misconception attributed to Davy. -
Vanadium
Vanadium is a rare, soft, ductile, grey, white element found combined with minerals. It is very corrosive resistant, because of its protective film made of oxide. Its main uses are to be combined with other metals to produce alloys. When mixed with aluminium in titanium alloys, it can be used in jet engines and when mixed with steel alloys, it can be used to make axles and crankshafts. Vanadium oxide is used as a catalyst in manufacturing sulfuric acid and maleic anhydride and in making ceramics -
Vanadium
Vanadium ores were first discovered in 1801, by Andrés Manuel del Rio, a Mexican chemist, but wasn’t extracted until 1867 when Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, an English chemist, combined Vanadium trichloride with hydrogen gas. Today, vanadium is primarily obtained from the minerals vanadinite and carnotite by heating crushed ore in the presence of carbon and chlorine to produce vanadium trichloride. The vanadium trichloride is then heated with magnesium in an argon atmosphere. -
Potassium
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Sodium
Sodium was discovered in 1807 by Humphry Davy who successfully extracted it through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. Metallic sodium was mass produced in 1855 by the carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100oC. A similar process was developed in 1886 which involved the reduction of sodium hydroxide. Now, sodium is produced on an industrial scale through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride starting from 1924, called the “downs process”, which is cheaper. -
Potassium
Potassium, being a highly reactive metal, was first isolated recently in 1807 by Sir Humphrey Davy, through the electrolysis of molten caustic potash (KOH). The molten potash was placed on a platinum disc. A platinum wire was connected to potash, of which a copper wire was connected from to the positive terminal of a 250 cell copper-zinc battery. Another copper wire was connected from the disc to the negative terminal of the battery. -
Potassium
As a result small globules of potassium appeared on the platinum disc. Being very unstable as metal, Potassium is rarely used as a metal, but it forms many important compounds, e.g. its chloride and its hydroxide. Potassium chloride is used in fertilizers and as a substitute for salt. Potassium hydroxide is used to make soaps, and detergents. -
Sodium
Sodium is very useful within modern society. Some of these uses include table salt (Sodium chloride NaCl) and baking soda (Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3) which are used a lot in the production of foods, sodium fluoride is used in toothpaste and other dental hygiene products like mouthwashes, metallic sodium is needed to manufacture organic products, titanium metals and glass. -
Magnesium
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Calcium
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Silicon
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Silicon
Pottery/Enamel is a refractory material used in high-temperature material production and its silicates are used in making enamels and pottery. Silica from sand is a main component of glass. Glass can be made into a great variety of shapes and with many different physical properties. Silica is used as a base material to make window glass, containers, insulators, and many other useful objects. Silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives. -
Silicon
In 1824, Berzelius, another chemist was able to isolate silicon and purify it by repeated washings to prove its existence as an element.
Silicon is commonly used for cast parts mainly used in the automotive industry. In electronic applications, where it is used to produce ultra-pure silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry.
In construction, Silicon dioxide or silica in the form of sand and clay is an important ingredient of concrete and brick and is also used to produce cement. -
Aluminium First Isolated
A compound containing aluminium, alum KAl(SO_4 )2•12H_2O was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans in medicine as an astringent.
The metal was first isolated by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825
To do this, he reacted aluminium chloride AlCl_3 with potassium: AlCl_3(aq) +3K(s)→Al_(s) +3KCl_(aq) -
Aluminium Development
Saint Claire Deville developed a more efficient method- using sodium instead of the more expensive potassium -
Steel
The manganese helped remove the excess oxygen in the form of manganese oxide, and the carbon that was left behind was at the appropriate level to produce steel. Along with plastic injection moulding, the Bessemer Process was one of the most important manufacturing developments of the modern era. -
Steel
Steel production never really began reaching its potential until the creation of the Bessemer Process in 1855. British metallurgist Sir Henry Bessemer realised that molten iron could be combined with oxygen. By blasting air through the molten iron ore, the carbon content was reduced. At first, the carbon content was reduced too much, and further experimentation led to the addition of spiegeleisen — a compound of iron, manganese and carbon — to the Bessemer Process. -
Caesium
Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered caesium in mineral water from Durkheim, Germany. It was the first element discovered spectroscopically. It was extracted by mineral water being evaporated, then undergo fractional crystallisation, then separated based on solubility in alcohol. This left 9.2g of rubidium chloride and 7.3g of caesium chloride from the initial 44, 000 litres of mineral water. -
Francium
Francium is a chemical element Fr and has an atomic number 87.
In 1870 Chemists believed that there was an element beyond Caesium and was given the name eka-caesium. Following this several chemists falsely discovered 'eka-caesium'. -
Gallium
The alloy galinstan (68.5% gallium, 21.5% indium, and 10% tin) has an even lower melting point of −19 °C (−2 °F), well below the freezing point of water. Beginning with its discovery in 1875 through the era of semiconductors, gallium was used primarily as an agent to make alloys that melt at low temperatures. Today, nearly all gallium is used in electronics. Gallium arsenide, the primary chemical compound of gallium in electronics, is used in microwave circuits, high-speed switching circuits. -
Gallium
Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures. If it is held in the human hand long enough, gallium will melt, since it melts at the temperature of about 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (slightly above room temperature). The melting point of gallium is used as a temperature reference point. -
Gallium
Gallium was an element whose existence was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871. He suggested therefore the name ekaaluminium (symbol Ea). His predictions for the properties of gallium are remarkably close to the reality. Gallium was discovered spectroscopically by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide Ga(OH)3 in KOH. -
Caesium
Caesium metal was discovered by electrolysis of caesium cyanide.
Until 1920’s, it was not used widely. Now it is used as radio vacuum tubes, photoelectric cells, optic components of infrared spectrophotometers. -
Aluminium Development
A cheaper method was developed by Charles Hall and Paul Heroult, now called the Hall-Heroult method. This involved smelting aluminium oxide with cryolite -
Aluminium Development (Still Used Today)
In 1887 Carl Josef Bayer developed a process for refining bauxite, the main ore of aluminium, into aluminium oxide
This made the extraction of aluminium from bauxite even cheaper and together with the Hall Heroult process it is still the method used to extract aluminium today -
Brass
Modern brass was first made in 1894, and due to its lustre, strength, and cheapness, it is used for brass instruments such as trumpets, decoration, protect metals from damage, and things where low friction is required. -
Radium
Radium was discovered in a uraninite sample by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre, her husband. Uranium and barium was removed, with radium remaining. -
Duralumin
The main property of duralumin which allows its usefulness is its high strength in relation to its low weight. This property made the alloy immensely popular for use in aircraft which required low weight and relatively high strength. Duralumin is still used today to manufacture many different parts of aircraft. Duralumin is also used in other vehicles and machines. -
Duralumin
Duralumin is an alloy composed of mostly aluminium (90% or more) and small amounts of other metals such as copper (approx 4%), magnesium (0.5%-1%) and manganese (less than 1%). The first close counterpart of duralumin was discovered by Alfred Wilm in 1903, where an aluminium alloy with 4% copper which had been quenched (rapidly cooled) gradually hardened when left in room temperature. Duralumin was finally created in 1909 after improvements on the initial alloy. -
Titanium
It was not made until 1910, when Matthew A. Hunter heated TiCl4 together with sodium in a steel bomb with a temperature at 700-800C -
Radium
Radium was isolated as a pure metal by Andre-Louis Debrierre by electrolysis of pure radium chloride using mecury cathode and distilling in hydrogen gas -
Plutonium
Plutonium is most commonly a by-product of nuclear reactions where loose neutrons convert uranium into plutonium. Nuclear reprocessing is the procedure where Plutonium is extracted for use in weapons.
Plutonium is used in Explosives, specifically nuclear bombs and in some fuels for rockets; it is also used as a heat and power source in nuclear power plants.
Plutonium was discovered in 1934 by a team of scientists in the University of Rome. -
Radium
Radium E became the first radioactive element to be made synthetically in the US.
Today, its uses include luminescent paint, cancer treatment and alpha source to probe gold. -
Francium
In 1939 Marguerite Perey discovered the isotope Actinium-K. -
Americium
Americium (Am) was first made in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California. Americium is commonly produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. This exposure produces very small amounts of americium, one tonne of nucleur fuel produces only 100 grams of americium. Americium is silver in appearance, malleable and radioactive, with an atomic number of 95. Its radioactivity is essential for its use in the household smoke detector. -
Americium
Americium 241 emits ionising radiation, as alpha particles, into an ionisation chamber. Air is present in the chamber, the molecules become ionised and allow a small electric current passes between the charged electrodes. As smoke enters the chamber the ions attach to it and are unable to carry the current as well, sounding of the alarm. -
Francium
In 1949 it was named Francium after France. In the 1970s and 1980s more research on its structure was carried out by certain chemists.
It was the last nature that was naturally discovered and is the most electropositive metal that exists in the periodic currently. Due to its short half life and minimal amount created there are no uses for Francium other than for research. -
TItanium
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union used titanium in military and submarine appliances as a part of programs related to the Cold War
Titanium ore from the Earth is refined into titanium dioxide, which is used in paints, paper, toothpaste and plastics.
Titanium alloys are used in aircraft, armour plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles as titanium has high tensile strength to density ratio, high corrosion resistance and its ability to withstand moderately high temperatures. -
Californium
Californium is a radioactive metallic element first produced in 1950 by the University of California, giving the element its name. It was first made by bombarding curim-242 with helium ions using a device called a cyclotron, creating an isotope of californium (californium-245). Since californium has a half-life much shorter than that of the Earth, any atoms of californium that were ever present have long since decayed into other elements. -
Californium
Hence, californium can only be produced via nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. Despite the massive cost of californium ($60million/gram), it has uses as a neutron source, being capable of identifying gold and silver ores through a technique called nuclear activation. It is also used to find water and oil bearings layers in oil wells in a device called n oil -
Californium
Hence, californium can only be produced via nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. Despite the massive cost of californium ($60million/gram), it has uses as a neutron source, being capable of identifying gold and silver ores through a technique called nuclear activation. It is also used to find water and oil bearings layers in oil wells in a device called n oil/ -
Steel
The Bessemer Process and other steelmaking processes that had developed alongside it became obsolete in 1950 with the introduction of basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) which limits impurities and can even process old scrap metal into steel, lowering wastage and increasing efficiency. -
Californium
Californium is a radioactive metallic element first produced in 1950 by the University of California, giving the element its name. It was first made by bombarding curim-242 with helium ions using a device called a cyclotron, creating an isotope of californium (californium-245). Since californium has a half-life much shorter than that of the Earth, any atoms of californium that were ever present have long since decayed into other elements. -
Mendelevium (Research Only)
Mendelevium is a synthetic actinide that was first synthesised by a team at the University of Berkeley. The metal is formed by bombarding Einsteinium with alpha particles.
A Higher yield synthesis was developed by Albert Ghiorso, the target element is placed on the opposite side of the target from the beam and caught the recoiling on a catcher foil. The recoil target was made by an electroplating technique. The removal of mendelevium from the foil was done by dissolving the thin gold in acid. -
Nobellium
Announced by physicists at the Nobel Institute in Sweden. By bombarding a Curium-244 with Carbon-13 nuclei, an isotope with a half-life of 10 minutes was created. This decayed by emitting an 8.5 MeV alpha particle. However, this activity was said to have occurred due to background effects. -
Lawrencium
An attempt was performed at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to synethesize it through bombarding Curium-244 with Nitrogen-14. As the target was destroyed, a follow-up could not be performed. -
Nobelium
University of California, a team of three scientists used the HILAC or heavy-ion linear accelerator to bombard a target consisting of 95% Curium-244 and 5% Curium-246 with Carbon-13 and Carbon-12 ions. The 8.5 MeV alpha particle was not emitted, however were able to detect decays from Fermium-250, which was said to be the daughter of Nobelium-254, which had an half-life of approximately 3 seconds. -
Nobelium
Studies were continued at University of California and an isotope was produced that emitted the 8.3 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 3 seconds. This activity was assigned to Nobelium-252. -
Lawrencium
They attempted to synthesize the element by bombarding Californium-252 with Boron-10 and Boron-11. The results were inconclusive. -
Nobelium
When attempting to synthesize element 103, evidence was produced for a Z=102 alpha activity decaying by emission of an 8.2 MeV particle with a half-life of 15 seconds and assigned to Nobelium-255. -
Lawrencium (Synthesis)
Lawrencium was first synthesized by the nuclear-physics team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. It was produced by bombarding a three-milligram target consisting of three isotopes of the element Cf with Boron-10 and Boron-11 nuclei from the HILAC or Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator. The Lawrencium-258 was detected in this manner, it decayed emitting an 8.6 MeV alpha particle with a half-life of about 8 seconds. -
Nobelium
At the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), Fermium-250 was detected from the decay of a parent nucleus (Nobelium-254) with a half life of approximately 50 seconds. This parent decayed by emission of 8.1 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of approximately 35 seconds. This was its first correct identification. -
Dubnium
Dubnium is a transitional metal with symbol Db and atomic number 105. In 1968 Dubnium was supposedly discovered at a Joint Institute for Nuclear Resaerch at the Soviet union. In 1970 they separated their products and in 1976 they found DbBr5. -
Nobelium
The above team then proceeded to carry out chemical experiments on element 102w and concluded that it behaved like a heavier homologue of ytterbium. -
Dubnium
In 1970 another team of scientists in Berkeley found a dubnium produced isotope. Due to the controversy of who actually discovered it first in 1992 the IUPAC/IUPAP proclaimed it a joint discovery. -
Nobelium (Confirmation)
The element 102's discovery was confirmed and earlier observations were clarified. -
Talonite
components of cobalt and chronium
To make talonite, the chromium and molybdenum is mixed together chemically with carbon to form chromium carbide and molybdenum carbide. The cobalt holds the carbide in place.
Properties: Durable than most steel alloys, easily machined, corrosion resistant, holds edge well, toughness
Uses:Blades, Knifes, saw teeth, sharp tools -
Nobelium
As only the FLNR work from 1966 correctly detected and assigned decays to Z=102 nuclei at the time, it was determined to be the discovery of nobelium although it may have been detected in 1959 at Berkeley (University of California) -
Darmstadtium
Institute for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), in Darmstad, Germany created darmstadtium (Ds) by colliding lead-208 with nickel-62 to create darmstadtium-269 (1.63ms half-life) and also lead-208 with nickelt-64 to create darmstadtium-271 (69ms half-life). Darmstadtium doesn’t have any stable or naturally occurring isotopes and may only be synthesised within laboratories, hence there are no practical uses for darmstadtium. It is predicted to be a transition metal. -
Copernicium
Institute for Heavy Ion Research (GSI), in Darmstad, Germany created Copernicium by colliding lead-208 with zinc-70 to create copernicium-277. Copernicium doesn’t have any stable or naturally occurring isotopes and may only be synthesised within laboratories, hence there are no practical uses for darmstadtium. It is predicted to be a transition metal -
Darmstadtium
IUPAC Joint Working Party (JWP) officially recognised GSI team as discoverers of darmstadtium (Ds) in report. -
Darmstadtium
Element 110 was officially named Darmstadtium by IUPAC after the place (Darmstad, Germany), where the element was discovered. -
Copernicium
IUPAC Joint Working Party (JWP) officially recognised GSI team as discoverers of copernicium (Cn) in report. -
Copernicium
Element 112 was officially named Copernicium by IUPAC after famous scientist Nicholaus Copernicus.
