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De jure segregation
De jure segregation refers to the legal separation of groups in society. -
Executive order 8802
This order was signed by F.D.Roosevelt, in 1941,to prohibit ethnic or racial discrimination in the nation's defense industry. It was the first federal action to promote equal opportunity in the workforce. -
Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers
Jackie Robinson was a professional baseball player, who played for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1947 to 1956. Robinson was the first African American player that played in Major League Baseball.
His number was 42, now days this number had been retired so no one can wear it. April 15th is been named Jackie Robinson day and all major league player that day wear number 42,in Jackie Robinson memory and honor. -
Executive order 9981
With this order President Truman ended segregation in the U.S. armed forces -
Communism won the war in China
Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China with its capital at Beiping, which was returned to the former name Beijing. -
NAACP won a number of key court cases
In 1950, Marshall won cases that struck down Texas and Oklahoma laws requiring segregated graduate schools in Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma. In those cases, a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment required those states to admit black students to their graduate and professional schools. -
USA give $2.6 billion to France for the war
the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France, which received $2.6 billion in financial support from the United States. The French defeat at the Dien Bien Phu was followed by a peace conference in Geneva. As a result of the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence, and Vietnam was temporarily divided between an anti-Communist South and a Communist North. -
Brown v. Board of Education
the NAACP won the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.the Supreme Court held that segregation in public education violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown consisted of six separate cases in five jurisdictions. Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware.These cases are remembered as “Brown” because Oliver Brown was one of several plaintiffs in the Kansas case whose name appeared first in the court filings. -
France lost the war and surrended
In northwest Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh forces decisively defeat the French at Dien Bien Phu, a French stronghold besieged by the Vietnamese communists. The Viet Minh victory at Dien Bien Phu signaled the end of French colonial influence in Indochina -
SEATO
the United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, or SEATO. The purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks rejected bus driver James F. Blake's order to relinquish her seat in the "colored section" to a white passenger, after the whites-only section was filled. Parks got arrested because she decided not to give up her seat. Her defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott; its success launched nationwide efforts to end racial segregation of public facilities. As a leader of the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks received many accolades during her lifetime, including the NAACP's highest award -
Montgomery bus boycott
The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement. The federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional. -
Election to unify Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem consolidated his power as the President of South Vietnam. He declined to have a national election to unify the country as called for in the Geneva Accords. -
Congress "Southern Manifesto"
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 101 congressmen from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine black students who enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, Their attendance at the school was a test of Brown v. Board of Education,the Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.The first day of school, Governor called in the police to block the black students’ entry into the high school.President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine into the school. -
Civil Right Act
The new act established the Civil Rights Section of the Justice Department and empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against interference with the right to vote. This civil right act was the first act since the Reconstruction -
Vietcong
The VietCong, also known as the National Liberation Front, was a mass political organization in South Vietnam and Cambodia with its own army that fought against the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War, eventually emerging on the winning side. It had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized peasants in the territory it controlled. Many soldiers were recruited in South Vietnam,and the regular North Vietnamese army. -
Fidel Castro overthrows Batista
The U.S. government had supported Batista, a former soldier and Cuban dictator. After Castro and a group of followers, including the South American revolutionary Che Guevara , landed in Cuba to unseat the dictator, the U.S. continued to back Batista -
NASA was created
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) had been experimenting with rocket planes.When in 1958 Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, NASA absorbed NACA intact. At first they had three major research laboratories and two small test facilities. -
African-american students ordered coffee in a white restaurant
On Feb. 1, 1960, four black college students, Joseph McNeil, Franklin McCain, David Richmond and Ezell Blair, sat down at a “whites-only” lunch counter at a Woolworth’s in Greensboro, N.C., and refused to leave after being denied service. Additional students joined them over the following weeks and months, and sit-in protests spread through North Carolina to other states in the South. -
Students for a Democratic Society
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a national student activist organization in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. This organization developed and expanded rapidly. SDS was known for its activism against the Vietnam War. -
John F. Kennedy won the presidential election
Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. -
First USA troops in Vietnam
The first U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam as 3500 Marines land at China Beach to defend the American air base at Da Nang. They join 23,000 American military advisors already in Vietnam. -
CORE stage the freedom rides
Freedom Riders were groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals. Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters at bus stations in Alabama, South Carolina and other Southern states. The groups were confronted by arresting police officers,along their routes, but also drew international attention to their cause. -
Special Troops in Vietnam
The Greenies are an elite force of Army soldiers known as the Green Berets. They are a special forces group of men known for their abilities to engage the enemy in guerrilla warfare and to search out and destroy the enemy in ambushes -
US breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba
The diplomatic break was the culmination of an increasingly acrimonious situation. Severing relations marked the end of America's policy of trying to resolve its differences with Castro's government through diplomacy. -
Battle of Bay of the Pigs
Bay of Pigs invasion, abortive invasion of Cuba, on the southwestern coast by some 1,500 Cuban exiles opposed to Fidel Castro. The invasion was financed and directed by the U.S. government. -
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps is a volunteer program run by the United States government. Its official mission is to provide social and economic development abroad through technical assistance, while promoting mutual understanding between Americans and populations served. -
Alliance for Progress pledged $20 billion
Alliance for Progress was in essence a Marshall Plan for Latin America. The United States pledged $20 billion in assistance (grants and loans) and called upon the Latin American governments to provide $80 billion in investment funds for their economies. It was the biggest U.S. aid program toward the developing world up to that point,and called for substantial reform of Latin American institutions. -
Meredith and the NAACP won the court case that ordered colleges to desegregate
Meredith—with the help of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)—filed a lawsuit against Ole Miss, alleging racial discrimination. The case was eventually settled on appeal by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in Meredith’s favor. Chaos soon broke out on the Ole Miss campus, with riots ending in two dead, hundreds wounded and many others arrested -
John Glenn first American to orbit the Earth
John Herschel Glenn Jr. was a United States Marine Corps aviator, astronaut, and politician.He was the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times.During the first orbit, a failure of the automatic-control system was detected.This forced Glenn to operate in manual mode for the second and third orbits, and for re-entry.Later in the flight, telemetry indicated that the heat shield had loosened,Glenn and his spacecraft would have burned up on re-entry.He made it back to earth -
Cuban Missile Crisis, Russia build nuclear sites in Cuba
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense,over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. In a TV address President John Kennedy notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. -
SCLC made a major campaign in Birmingham
The Birmingham campaign, was a movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. Led by Martin Luther King Jr., the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws. -
John F. Kennedy was assassinated
Kennedy was assassinated while traveling through Dallas, Texas.Lee Harvey Oswald allegedly fired three shots from the sixth floor, fatally wounding President Kennedy and seriously injuring Governor Connally. -
March on Washington
The March on Washington was a massive protest. More than 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C..Also known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the event aimed to draw attention to continuing challenges and inequalities faced by African Americans a century after emancipation. It was also the occasion of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s now-iconic “I Have A Dream” speech. -
Johnson become President after Kennedy was killed
Johnson was vice president of the United States when Kennedy was President. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Johnson also served as a United States Representative and as the Majority Leader in the United States Senate. Johnson is one of only four people who have served in all four federal elected positions. -
Medgar Evers got shot and killed
Medgar Evers was an African American civil rights activist in Mississippi, the state's field secretary for the NAACP, and a World War II veteran, who had served in the United States Army. He worked to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi, end the segregation of public facilities, and expand opportunities for African Americans, which included the enforcement of voting rights. Evers was assassinated by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the White Citizens' Council. -
A bomb exploded in the First Baptist Church in Birmingham
The bomb exploded before Sunday morning services at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.a church with a predominantly black congregation that also served as a meeting place for civil rights leaders. Four young girls were killed and many other people injured. Outrage over the incident and the violent clash between protesters and police that followed helped draw national attention to the hard-fought, often-dangerous struggle for civil rights for African Americans. -
Nuclear test Ban Treaty
Representatives of the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater or in the atmosphere. -
Diem removed from power
Following the overthrow of his government by South Vietnamese military forces the day before, President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother are captured and killed by a group of soldiers. The death of Diem caused celebration among many people in South Vietnam, but also lead to political chaos in the nation. -
Civil Right Act
outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.[4] It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations. -
Economic Opportunity Act
The Economic Opportunity Act,authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. These agencies are directly regulated by the federal government. The purposes of this act are eliminate poverty,expand educational opportunities,increase the safety net for the poor and unemployed
and tend to health and financial needs of the elderly. -
Barry Goldwater became Arizona Senator
Barry Morris Goldwater was an American politician, businessman and author who was a five-term Senator from Arizona and the Republican Party nominee for President of the United States in 1964. Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election, Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement. -
24th Amendment
Citizens in some states had to pay a fee to vote in a national election. This fee was called a poll tax.The United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials. -
BeatleMania
Beatlemania was the intense fan frenzy directed towards the English rock band the Beatles. Their popularity grew in the United Kingdom,and in the U.S.The press had adopted the term "Beatlemania" to describe the scenes of adulation that attended the group's concert performances. -
Freedom Summer
Freedom Summer was a voter registration drive sponsored by civil rights organizations including the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Aimed at increasing black voter registration in Mississippi, the Freedom Summer workers included black Mississippians and more than 1,000 out-of-state, predominately white volunteers.Local authorities carried out a series of violent attacks against the activists,beatings,false arrest and the murder. -
Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam
Malcolm X publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam. He was still a Muslim, he said, but felt that the Nation had "gone as far as it can" because of its rigid teachings. He said he was planning to organize a black nationalist organization to "heighten the political consciousness" of African Americans. He also expressed a desire to work with other civil rights leaders, saying that Elijah Muhammad had prevented him from doing so in the past. -
Gulf of Tonking Resolution
The United States Congress overwhelming approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Lyndon B. Johnson nearly unlimited powers to oppose “communist aggression” in Southeast Asia. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The law represented a major new commitment by the federal government to “quality and equality” in educating our young people.The purpose of ESEA was to provide additional resources for vulnerable students. ESEA offered new grants to districts serving low-income students, federal grants for textbooks and library books, created special education centers, and created scholarships for low-income college students. -
Immigration and Nationality Act
The Immigration and Naturalization Act, also known as the Hart-Celler Act, abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States. -
Troops were drafted(in the Vietnam War)
During the Vietnam War,soldiers selected for military service through the drafts.Names of all American men in draft-age were collected by the Selective Service System.When someone’s name was called,he had to report to his local draft board,which was made up of various community members.By this manner,local draft boards had an enormous power to decide who had to go and who would stay.Draft board members were often under pressure from their family,relatives and friends to exempt potential draftees -
Medicare and Medicaid
Medicare and Medicaid are two separate, government-run programs.Medicare is a federal program that provides health coverage if you are 65+ or under 65 and have a disability, no matter your income.
Medicaid is a state and federal program that provides health coverage if you have a very low income.
If you are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid (dually eligible), you can have both. They will work together to provide you with health coverage and lower your costs. -
Water Quality Act
Water Quality Act required states to issue water quality standards for interstate waters, and authorized the newly created Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to set standards where states failed to do so.Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. -
Campaign in Selma Alabama
Martin Luther King led thousands of nonviolent demonstrators to the steps of the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama, after a 5-day, 54-mile march from Selma, Alabama,where local African Americans, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) had been campaigning for voting rights.Police attacks against nonviolent demonstrators increased.The Local police broke up the march in Marion.A policeman shot Jimmie Lee Jackson,a 26-year-old boy -
Voting Rights Act
The Voting Rights Act, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. -
Malcolm X was assassinated
In New York City, Malcolm X was assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights. -
Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder was a demonstration of America's near total air supremacy during the Vietnam War. It was started in an effort to demoralise the North Vietnamese people and to undermine the capacity of the government in North Vietnam to govern. Operation Rolling Thunder failed on both accounts. -
Bloody Sunday
Civil rights marchers headed southeast out of Selma on U.S. Highway 80.While they were crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge,they encountered a wall of state troopers and county posse waiting for them on the other side.Commanding officer John Cloud told the demonstrators to disband at once and go home.Seconds later, the troopers began shoving the demonstrators,knocking many to the ground and beating them with nightsticks.Other troops fired tear gas,and mounted troopers charged the crowd on horseback -
Meredith was shot and nearly killed
James H. Meredith, who in 1962 became the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi, is shot by a sniper shortly after beginning a lone civil rights march through the South. -
Clean Water Restoration Act
The previous year’s Water Quality Act required the states to establish and enforce water quality standards for all interstate waters that flowed through their boundaries. To make that possible, the Clean Waters Restoration Act provided federal funds for the construction of sewage treatment plants. This act and others that followed over the next decade had a significant impact in reducing pollution and restoring rivers. -
The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
This Act was enacted in the United States to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor vehicles and road traffic safety.The Act was the first law to establish mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.The Act was one of a few initiatives by the government in response to a increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased. -
Air Quality Act
The Clean Air Act is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state and local governments -
Martin Luther King speech about war
Martin Luther King declared that the Vietnam War was hurting both white and black people -
Haight Ashbury district
Haight-Ashbury draws a lively, diverse crowd looking to soak up the historic hippie vibe. Upper Haight Street is a hodgepodge of vintage clothing boutiques, record shops, bookstores, dive bars and casual, eclectic restaurants. Bordering Golden Gate Park, the neighborhood features many colorful, well-preserved Victorian homes -
Riots in Detroit
The Riots in Detroit are a series of violent confrontations between residents of predominantly African American neighbourhoods of Detroit and the city's police department. These riots lasted five days. The riot resulted in the deaths of 43 people, including 33 African Americans and 10 whites. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. -
TET offensive
The Tet Offensive was a series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces,on scores of cities,towns,and hamlets throughout South Vietnam. It was considered to be a turning point in the Vietnam War.The offensive was an attempt to foment rebellion among the South Vietnamese population and encourage the United States to scale back its involvement in the Vietnam War.North Vietnam achieved a strategic victory with the Tet Offensive,creating an American withdrawal from the region. -
Martin Luther King was killed
Martin Luther King Jr. is fatally shot while standing on the balcony outside his second-story room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. -
Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated
Senator Robert F. Kennedy was shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after winning the California presidential primary. Immediately after he announced to his cheering supporters that the country was ready to end its fractious divisions, Kennedy was shot several times by the 22-year-old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. -
Nickson won the presidential election
Richard M. Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th president of the United States until he resigned from office in 1974 -
Fair Housing Act
The Fair Housing Act prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin or sex. -
My Lai massacre
The My Lai massacre was one of the most horrific incidents of violence committed against unarmed civilians during the Vietnam War. A company of American soldiers brutally killed most of the people,women, children and old men,in the village of My Lai.
The incident prompted global outrage when it became public knowledge in November 1969.William Calley was a former United States Army officer and he's responsible of the My Lai massacre -
Tinker v. Des Moins school district
In December 1965 a group of students decided to wear black armbands to school to protest the war in Vietnam.After 4 years of court battle,the court found that the First Amendment applied to public schools, and school officials could not censor student speech unless it disrupted the educational process. Because wearing a black armband was not disruptive, the court held that the First Amendment protected the right of students to wear them. -
First man to the moon/ Apollo 11
Apollo 11 blasted off on July 16, 1969. Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins were the astronauts on Apollo 11.
Four days later, Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon. They landed on the moon in the Lunar Module.Collins stayed in orbit around the moon. He did experiments and took pictures. Neil Armstrong became the first human to step on the moon. He and Aldrin walked around for three hours. They did experiments. They picked up bits of moon dirt and rocks. -
Woodstock
Woodstock was a music festival held between August 15–18, which attracted an audience of more than 400,000. Described as "An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music", it was held at Max Yasgur's 600-acre dairy farm near White Lake in Bethel, New York, -
26th Amendment
The 26th Amendment define that the right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. -
EPA was created
The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection. -
War started in Cambodia
President Richard Nixon authorized U.S. combat troops to cross the border from South Vietnam into Cambodia. The preemptive strike was aimed at forestalling communist North Vietnamese attacks into South Vietnam from their sanctuaries there even as the South Vietnamese were being primed to assume more responsibility for the conduct of the war and U.S. forces were being withdrawn. -
Kent State and Jackson State killings
The Jackson State killings occurred, at Jackson State College,in Jackson, Mississippi. A group of students were confronted by city and state police. Shortly after midnight, the police opened fire, killing two students and injuring twelve. The shooting happened only 11 days after the Kent State shootings, in which National Guardsmen killed four students at Kent State University in Ohio -
Pentagon Papers
The Pentagon Papers was the name given to a top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. As the Vietnam War dragged on, with more than 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam by 1968, military analyst Daniel Ellsberg,came to oppose the war, and decided that the information contained in the Pentagon Papers should be available to the American public. -
Gerrymandering
Gerrymandering is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that helps them or hurts the group who is against them. Gerrymandering works by wasting votes. -
War Powers Act
The War Powers Resolution is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. -
Paris Peace Accord signed by North Vietnam and Viet cong
The United States, South Vietnam, Viet Cong, and North Vietnam formally sign “An Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam” in Paris. Due to South Vietnam’s unwillingness to recognize the Viet Cong’s Provisional Revolutionary Government, all references to it were confined to a two-party version of the document signed by North Vietnam and the United States—the South Vietnamese were presented with a separate document that did not make reference to the Viet Cong government. -
Vietnam War is won
President Nixon signs the Paris Peace Accords, ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The North Vietnamese accept a cease fire. But as U.S. troops depart Vietnam, North Vietnamese military officials continue plotting to overtake South Vietnam. The capture of Saigon by the NVA marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. -
Fall of Saigon
Communist North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces captured the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon, forcing South Vietnam to surrender and bringing about an end to the Vietnam War.
The Fall of Saigon was a very important event because it marked not only the end of the Vietnam War, but the beginning of the formal reunification of Vietnam under Communist Rule. -
Vietnam War Memorial
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a national memorial in Washington D.C. It honors service members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War, service members who died in service in Vietnam/South East Asia, and those service members who were unaccounted for during the war
