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423 BCE
Plato
Plato held that moral values are objective in the sense that they exist in a spirit-like realm beyond subjective human conventions. -
384 BCE
Socrates
According to Socrates, "no one commits an evil act knowingly and doing wrong arises out of ignorance." A person will commit only moral evil if he lacks moral knowledge. Sometimes, a person may have knowledge but he deliberately commits an evil act to satisfy his hidden motive. -
384 BCE
Aristotle
Aristotle's "The Golden Mean Principle" states that to be happy, live a life of moderation. In everything that we do, we must avoid extremes (Roa, 2007). -
Thomas Hobbes
The principle of Utilitarianism is used in Cost-Benefit Analysis, for example, more benefit, less cost, is a good action. It can also be used in the resolution of Labor-Management conflicts. -
Utilitarianism
The utilitarian ethics is best explained by the maxim, "Do whatever produces the greatest good for the greatest number." The theory argues that what makes an act right is its consequences and not the motive of the action. The effects or consequences determine the goodness or badness of an action. An act is good if and when it gives good results, if it works, if it makes you successful, and if it makes you attain your purpose. Otherwise, it is bad.