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Little Rock
Little Rock has been around for centuries but was founded as Arkansa's capital in 1831. It was a small town, but it had a lot to offer such as the Arkansas Gazette and churches. This was the home spot of the Brown vs. Board of Education case when the Little Rock 9, a group of 9 black students, stood up for themselves. -
Eugene Debs
November 5, 1855- October 20, 1926
American union leader, founding member of Industrial workers of the world and several times candidate of socialist party of US for president of US
Best known socialist living in the United States
Leader of ARU (American Railroad Union) and convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunctions against the strike and served 6 months in prison -
Yellowstone- national parks and forest (Theodore Roosevelt)
US state of Wyoming
Signed into law on March 1, 1876
1st National park in the world
3,468 square miles
Theodore Roosevelt spent 2 weeks camping in Yellowstone National park to become a greater champion on conservation -
19th amendment
Established womens suffrage. The amendment was drafted by susan b Anthony and Elizabeth cady Stanton. It was introduced in 1878, tbut wasn't submitted for ratification by congress until1919. -
Creation of the Panama Canal
August 15, 1941 is first use
48 mile ship canal that connect Atlantic to Pacific
Began working on canal in 1881, finished in 1914
Lots of diseases while working
John Frank Stevens chief engineer
Double sets of locks -
Irving Berlin
American composer of jewish origin. 1888-1989. Scored 19 broadway shows and 18 hollywood films. Considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history. -
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Philip Randolph
*leader in the African-American civil-rights movement, American labor movement, and socialist political parties
*organized and led first predominantly Black labor union, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
*led the March on Washington Movement
*helped end discrimination in defense industries and armed forces -
Spanish- American War
April 15, 1898- August 12, 1898
Between Spain and US
Fought in Caribbean and Pacific
US attacks on Spain’s Pacific possessions
Compromise sought by Spain but US rejects
Main issue was Cuban independence -
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Naval warfare in which submarines sink ships without warning
After WWI countries tried to limit or abolish submarines
Contributed to bringing the US into WWI -
Henry ford, mass production, the automobile
THe firstmodel t was introduced oct.1 1901. It made its debut in 1908 with a price of 825 dollars. Over ten thousand were sold in the first year. Four years later the price dropped to $575 and sales highly increased. By 1914 ford could claim 48 percent of the automobile market. -
Expanded use of air condioning
• The process of altering of air to favor conditions
• It has any form to cool or heat -
Langston Hughes
African American novelist, poet, and playwright. Overcame prejudice and was very influential in the African American community. Feb 1. 1902-1967 -
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1904
Articulated by Theodore Roosevelt in his state of the Union Address
States that US will intervene in conflicts to enforce legitimate claims of European powers -
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Barry Goldwater
Bussiness man and 5 term United States senator. Started the " American Conservitive" movement. -
Great Migration
Movement of 6 million African Americans out of rural Southern US to Northeast, Midwest and West
1910-1970
Moved from 14 states of the south
Africans Americans became an urbanized population
More than 80% lived in cities, 53% remained in South, 40% in North and 7% in West -
US Neutrality (WWI)
April 6, 1917- November 11, 1918
Before war US remained neutral
US mobilized over 4, 000,000 military personnel
Woodrow Wilson -
Red Scare
The Red Scarebegan following the Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917. It was a growing fear of communism taking over the u.s capitalist society. Communists took power in Russia and u.s was afraid there were communist spies within the U.S. -
The Espionage Act
June 15, 1917
Law passed shortly after US entered WWI
Originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations during wartime
Law did not say anything the freedom of speech -
Wilson's 14 Points
That the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe
January 8, 1918
People welcomed Wilson’s intervention, but his main allies were skeptical about it -
Jackie Robinson and the integration of baseball
• January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972
• An American baseball player who became the first African American to play in major league baseball
• The dodgers ended racial segregation that had black players to the negro league -
Harlem Renaissance
African American cultural movement during the 1920s. 1919 to mid 1930s -
18th amendment
Established prohibition. Jan 17 1920 the amendment made it difficult to obtain alcoholic beverages legally but did not ban them. It was later repealed by the 21st amendment. -
Impact of radio and movies
During the 1920s, people could now see influential political leaders not only of their own countries but also of foreign countries on the big screen. It didn’t matter what economic class they were in, they all saw the same thing, bringing them closer together. Also language and dialect began to evolve. -
Communist Regime in China
the Chinese Communist Party, beginning in shanghai, focused on industrialization and a unitary government. The results were not always pleasing. -
Stock Market Crash of 1929
-Black Tuesday
-beginning/cause of the Great Depression -
Hoovervilles
-towns made by homeless people during the Great Depression
-named after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the Great Depression -
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Great Depression
-time of severe, worldwide economic depression-used as an example of how bad the world's economy can get -
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New Deal
-a series of economic programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression-Relief, Recovery, and Reform: relief for the unemployed and the poor, recovery of the economy, and reform to prevent another economic depresssion -
Eleanor Roosevelt
-human rights activist
- first presidential spouse to hold press conferences and speak at a national convention
-expanded roles for women in the workplace -
Tennessee Valley Authority
-corporation to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley -
Huey Long
-Share Our Wealth plan-new wealth redistrubution plan
- Advocated federal spending on public works, schools and colleges, and old age pensions to stimulate the economy -
League of Nations
It's goal was to prevent wars through collective security and disarmament. It had 58 members and had failed to prevent any future world wars. -
Neutrality Act
-stated that America stay neutral during the beginnings of World War II -
Dust Bowl
-drought
-severe dust storms caused ecological and agricultural damage -
Wagner Act
- prevented employers from interfering with workers’ unions and protests in the private sector
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Social Security Act
-created the Social Security system-was an attempt at limiting modern American issues -
Court Packing bill
-President Franklin D. Roosevelt added more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court in order to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation -
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Lend-Lease Program
*law that started a program under which the U.S. supplied the U.K., the USSR, Republic of China, Free France, and other Allied nations with material
* $50.1 billion (equivalent to $639 billion today) in supplies was sent to the countries in total -
Internment of Japanese-Americans
- about 110,000 people of Japanese heritage who lived on the Pacific coast of the U.S. were put in relocation camps
- 62% of the internees were American citizens
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Manhattan Project
It was a research and development project for the creation of Atomic and nuclear weapons. -
Battle of Midway
*most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II
*U.S. defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy attack against Midway Atoll
*inflicted irreparable damage on Japanese fleet -
D-Day
- two phases: an airborne assault landing of 24,000 airborne troops and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France *Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces was General Dwight Eisenhower
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Fall of Berlin
*Berlin was taken by the Soviets and Western Allies resulting in the end of Germany in WWII
* Hitler and other high ranking officials committed suicide -
Containment Policy
"Containment" was a policy that kept communist influences out of the U.S. -
Baby boom
• 1946-1964
• A period marked by a greatly increased birth rate
• The number of births exceeds 2 per 100 women
• A baby boom signify good times and periods of general economic growth and stability -
Levittown
• March 1947
• The name of four large suburban developments created in the US of America by William Levitt
• Build in the post era WWII for returning veterans and their new families
• That qualified veterans could receive housing for a fraction of rental cost
• 1,400 homes had been bought -
Truman Doctrine
President Harry Truman proposed a deal that would provide economic aid to Greece and Turkey during WWII. -
Pearl Harbor
- lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii
- headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet *Bombed by Japan bringing U.S. into WWII
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Marshall Plan
The United States created a releif program for various european countries after the destruction of World War II. -
Senator Joseph McCarthy
McCarthy was a U.S. senator that claimed communists and soviet sympathizers were everywhere, causing panic around America. -
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Outbreak of Korean War
North and South Korea were at conflict with different nations backing up one or the other. They split due to political disagreement. -
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Warren Court
This is what the Supreme Court was called from 1953-1969 when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice. It was a mainly liberal court and allowed civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and federal power to grow. The court brought an end to racial segregation in the U.S. -
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Cuban Revolution
It was an armed rebellion, led by one of the Castro movements, against the Cuban dictator, Batista. -
Brown Vs. Board of Education
This was a court case that challenged public segregation in schools. It was a collection of cases in many countries and the leader of them was Olive Brown. This court case ended such drastic public segregation. -
News Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement
• 1955-1964
• Ultimately contributed to a redefinition of the country’s political as well as its televisual landscape -
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Vietnam War
It was a military conflict during the Cold War between North Vietnam (Supported by China) and South Vietnam (Supported by the U.S.). -
Interstate Highway Act
• Enacted on June 29, 1956
• Dwight Eisenhower signed a bill to construct a 41,000 miles of interstate
• Reason why is because the Lincoln highway was the first road across America -
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Protested against many segregated cities, and was very successful.
Still around today fighting against segregation -
Sputnik I
• October 4,1957
• Was the first artificial earth satellite
• The soviet union launched it into an elliptical low earth orbit
• It was visible all around the earth and its radio pulses detectable -
Tin Pan Alley
Collection of new York city publishers and songwriters who dominated the American music world during the late 19th century and early 20th. -
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
One of the organizations on the American Civil Right Movement
Student led protests against segregation
Most commonly sit-ins against Jim Crow Laws -
Presidential debates (Kennedy/Nixon, 1960)
• November 8, 1960
• Was the 44th quadrennial presidential election
• The republican party nominated Nixon and Kennedy
• Kennedy lead votes giving him the victory
• This was the first election in which all fifty of the states participated -
Bay of Pigs
it was an unsucessful attempt on the U.S's part to invade Cuba in order to overthrow the cuban goverment. -
Freedom Riders
Civil right activists rode interstate buses to the Southern United States to make sure that segregated buses were proven to be unconstitutional.
Many of the people on freedom rides were attacked on their journey to different segregated parts of the US. -
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
Helped to launch American Environmental Movement
Explained how abused pesticides were not only killing animals, but hmans as well. -
Cuban Missle Crisis
It was a 13 day conflict between USSR/Cuba and The United States after Cuba gained nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union. -
Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Martin Luther King Jr. wrote this letter to defend nonviolent resistance in racism and to argue unjust laws about racism. It became a key document in the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. -
Martin Luther King Jr. I Have a Dream Speech
This was a public speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. as an effort to end racism in the U.S. The speech was an extremely important part of the American Civil Rights Movements. His dream was about equality and freedom instead of hatred. -
Assassination of President John F. Kennedy
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. He was shot while traveling with his wife, John Connally, and his wife. They were traveling in a motorcade, and the shot killed him. He was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald, however, before he was put on trial, Jack Ruby shot him. Many people believe that this was planned. Many alternatives come up about President Kennedy's assassination today. Many scenarios are debated and the amount of shots fired are as well. -
The growing opposition to the war
• 1964
• The movement against the involvement of the united states in the Vietnam war
• The U.S. became polarized between those who advocated continued involvement in Vietnam
• Those who wanted peace of course
• Many peace movements were students, mothers, or even hippies
• Expressions of opposition events ranged from peaceful to a display of violence -
Lyndon Johnson's Great Society
Lyndon Johnson was the 36th president of the U.S. following John F. Kennedy. He wanted to build a Great Society, which meant that he wanted to eliminate the troubles of the poor. His plan brought improvement but was then in jeopardy again when the war in Vietnam began. -
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Anti-Vietnam War Movement
Several years of protests against the US joining the Vietnam War.
The protests were not all nonviolent, but they did get the point across. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This was a land mark that stood for ending major discrimination with races, gender, ethnicity, religion, and nationality. It ended unfair voting requirements and segregation in schools and grew stronger over time. -
Establishment of Medicare
This is a national social insurance plan by the U.S. federal government. It ensures health insurance for people above age 65, people with disabilities, people with End Stage Renal Disease, and people with Lou Gehrig's Disease. This policy offers a defined benefit for all enrollees. Medicare has many different plans. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This ended unequal voting rights for African Americans in the U.S. It was also an echo of the 15th Amendment. -
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United Farm Workers' Movement
Originally an organization to help workers get unemployment insurance
Co-founded by Cesar Chavez
Accepted principles of non violence from Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
Still around today helping workers have more rights. -
Miranda Decision
This was a decision by the Supreme Court regarding a persons rights in police custody. In the case, Miranda vs. Arizona, the court ruled that a person had the right to remain silent while going into custody and that whatever they said could be used against them in court.This protects the 5th Amendment and is repeated by a police officer when they take someone into interrogation. -
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National Organization of Women
After 3 years of reports finding discrimination against women, NOW was formed to stop it.
In 1968, issued a Bill of Rights(Equal Rights Amendment)
It is still around today with over 550,000 members -
Tet Offensivr
• January 30, 1968
• Military campaign during the Vietnam war
• By forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnam against South Vietnam
• A campaign of surprising attacks that were launched against military and civilian commands
• They are referred to as the tet offensive because there was a prior agreement to cease fire -
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr
Assassinated by James Earl Ray from across the street in Loraine Hotel.
His heart was not strong enough to keep him living, as the stress from the Civil Rights Movement weakened him severely -
Election of Richard M. Nixon
37th President on the United States. -
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after winning California and South Dakota elections for nomination for President of the United States of 1968. -
Earth Day
Day where events are help to show appreciation of the Earth, and to help protect it
Celebrated by over 1 billion people each year -
Enviromental Protection Agency
Created to protect human health by enforceing regulations on mans impact on the enviroment. -
Roe v. Wade
The arguement that decided pro choice or pro life. -
Nixon's opening of China
In 1972 Nixon visited china. This visit allowed the American public to veiw images from China for the first time in two decades -
His Resignation Due to Watergate Scandle
5 men broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters and stole money. The FBI linked the men back to president Nixons re-election campaign and evidence was highly stacked against Nixon. Nixon resigned because of this and was the first president ever to do so. -
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The Presidency of Gerald Ford
created the presidental proclamation 4313. He had to take a pardon due to family circumstances. -
Bakke Decision
Argued that University of Cali. at Davis was unfair with racial students. -
Camp David Accords
signed by Egyptian President and Israeli Prime Minister. The two framework agreements were signed at the White House.The first, for peace in the middle east was not for effective but the second one was. -
Personal Computer
• The (PC) is a general purpose computer as it makes it useful for indivisual -
Ronald Regans Presidancy
He expaned the U.S. military. He contributed to the end of the cold war. -
Executive Order 8802
*signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
*prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry -
Rationing
*controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services
*U.S. established a rationing system after the attack on Pearl Harbor -
War-time Conversion
- The U.S. went from usual production of items for the people to producing war items for the war
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Role of women in war industires
*60,000 female nurses in WWII
*Nineteen million American women filled out the home front labor force
*nearly a million "government girls" were recruited for war work -
Carter's Response to to the 1979 Iranian Revalution and the Iranian hostage Crisis.
Iranian Hostage Crisis: 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days after students supporting the Iranian Revalution took over the American Embassy in Tehran. Iranian Revalution: The overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty. -
Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz
Louis was a popular jazz musician of the 1920s. He was a very influential singer with a distinct voice. One of the first popular African American entertainers. Took a stand in desegregation during the Little Rock Crisis. Drawn on many different national, regional, and local musical cultures. -
Sit ins
Sit-ins were the most common form of nonviolent protest against segregation during the American Civil RIghts Movement
