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Congress of Racial Equality Found
-Civil Rights: Rights that allows for individuals to participate in society with the protection against segregation
- Founded by a group of college students in Chicago that used nonviolent protest in attempt to make a change in society
- Spread itself in the Northern part of the country first and then moved itself down to the South in the late 1950s -
Brooklyn Dodgers Hire Jackie Robinson
-Colorline: A line between blacks and white, based off of differences with customs, laws, and economics
-Fans didn't like the idea of a black man playing on the team, even some of his teammates were not open to the idea
-Robinson crossing the colorline caused for football to become integrated in 1946 and for baseball to become integrated in 1950. -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: seperating a group of people from the rest because of a trait that makes them different
- Was issued by President Truman in 1948 ending segregation in the military
- With this order, equality would be given no matter what race, color, religion, and national origin -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam: religious group that worked towards establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
-Malcolm X: Leader of black nationalism
- At one point, blacks started to dress differently and wear their hair in Afros
- Black panther party was starting to fight back against whites -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: Attorney for the NAACP who helped to win the court case
-Ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional
-Case stayed in the Supreme Court for a year and a half
-Chief Justice, Earl Warren, helped persuade the other judges leading to an unanimous decision -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott: Refusal from doing something as a sign of protest
-Rosa Parks: 43 year old African American who started the movement
- Was a movement in which African Americans refused to take buses in hopes of desegregated bus systems/seating
- The boycott lasted 381 days -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: The first 9 black students to go to school with whites
- Whites disapproved of this and gathered around the school in a mob to protest
- Eight of the nine finished the school year -
First Lunch Counter Sit-In
-Sit-In: Sitting in a public facility as a means of peaceful protesting
-Jim Crow Laws: Laws that made racial segregation okay in the south
-African American college kids went into Woolworths everyday
-Students were attacked by white customers and store owners -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: Not paying taxes and fines for protest
- Prostests in which whites and blacks rode interstate buses to see which states were segregating
- One of the buses that was in Alabama and it got set on fire -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-SCLC: (Southern Christian Leadership Conference): an African American civil rights group who's first president was Martin Luther King Jr.
-African-American flooded the streets in protest, where police sprayed them with strong fire hoses
-Over 1000 young kids, some as young as five, left school to protest on the streets -
March on Washington
-NAACP: Organization that stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- more than 250,000 people gathered for the jobs and freedom that African Americans deserved
- About 60,000 whites protested too -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 case that determined separate but equal facilities
-Civil Rights Act banned discrimination
-Originally Kennedy's idea, President Johnson was able to get it passed -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: To not let somebody vote
- the number of African American voters in the South increased from 1 million to 3.1 million between 1964 and 1968.
- Most whites supported the cause -
Watts Riot
-Kerner Commission: Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. of Illinois was sent to go see what the causes of the riots were and his report became an instant best seller
-Ghettos: A slum where minorities live
-Incident that occurred because of an African American motorcyclist being pulled over for being "drunk"
- Blacks started setting everything on fire and looting stores to show their anger -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power: The act of African Americans having economic and political power
- The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government
- Worked towards socialism -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination: Treating things differently based on their appearance
- A law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex
-Also gave the federal government the authority to file lawsuits against those who violated the law. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Educations
-Desegregation: Ending racial segregation
- 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration
-This case raised the question of whether de facto segregation caused by housing patterns was constitutional. -
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
-Affirmative Action: A group of people who tend to suffer
-1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
- Lewis Powell thought race could be used as a criterion in choosing students but opposed the system of preferential treatment used by the University of California.
