Lecture 10: The Cultural Revolution; China's rapprochement with the U.S. and Japan; "reform and opening-up"
By yomaru_1999
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Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty
It was a defense pact between the United States of America and the Republic of China effective from 1955 to 1980. It essentially prevented the People's Republic of China from taking over the island of Taiwan. Some of its content was carried over to the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979. -
ping pong diplomacy
Ping-pong diplomacy refers to the exchange of table tennis players between the US and PRC in the early 1970s, that began during the 1971 World Table Tennis Championships in Nagoya, Japan. The event marked a thaw in Sino-American relations that paved the way to a visit to Beijing by President Richard Nixon in 1972. The event has been seen as a key turning point in relations, and the policy approach has since been carried out elsewhere. -
the first of three Communiqués
The three Communiqués are a collection of three joint statements made by the governments of the US and the PRC. The communiqués played a crucial role in the establishment of relations between the US and the PRC and continue to be an essential element in dialogue between the two states, along with the Six Assurances and Taiwan Relations Act. The first communiqué known as the Shanghai Communiqué (February 28, 1972). -
Death of Mao Zedong
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Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China
It is the first peace treaty concluded between the PRC and Japan. The treaty went into effect on October 23, 1978 with the state visit of Deng Xiaoping to Japan. The treaty had its origin in the Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China of 1972. Negotiations on a formal peace treaty began in 1974, but were drawn out over various disputes until 1978. The treaty consisted of five articles, and was strongly opposed by the Soviet Union. -
Deng Xiaoping became leader of CCP
Following Mao's death, Deng became the de facto leader of China in December 1978 at the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee. Having inherited a country beset with extreme poverty, deep social conflict, disenchantment with Communism and institutional disorder resulting from the chaotic political movements of the Mao era, Deng revised most of the Cultural Revolution policies, which brought the country back to order by the early 1980s. -
Chinese economic reform
It is the program of economic reforms termed "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Led by Deng Xiaoping, often credited as the "General Architect", the reforms were launched by reformists within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on December 18, 1978 during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period.
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The second communiqué, the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
The second communiqué formally announces the commencement of normal relations between the US and the PRC. US recognized that the government of the PRC was the sole legal government of China. In addition, the US government declared that it would end formal political relations with Taiwan while preserving economic and cultural ties. Both sides reaffirmed their wish to reduce the risk of international conflict as well as avoidance of hegemony of any nation in the Asia-Pacific region. -
The third communiqué
The third and final communiqué, reaffirms the desire of both sides to further strengthen economic, cultural, educational, scientific, and technological ties. Both sides also reaffirmed the statements made about the Taiwan issue in the previous communiqué. Although no definitive conclusions were reached on the issue of arms sale to Taiwan, the United States did declare its intent to gradually decrease its sale of arms to Taiwan. -
June Fourth Incident
The Tiananmen Square protests were student-led demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China. They were halted in a bloody crackdown, known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, by the Chinese government on June 4 and 5, 1989.
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銀河號事件
銀河號事件，是於1993年7月至9月間，發生於中華人民共和國和美國之間的一次外交衝突。7月23日，美方稱有確鑿證據證明「銀河號」貨輪向伊朗運送化學武器原料，將其截停於印度洋國際水域。中方則堅持稱船上並未裝載任何化學武器原料，並拒絕美方提出的使「銀河號」返航或者接受美艦人員登船檢查的要求。雙方最終讓步，同意在第三方（沙烏地阿拉伯）以沙烏地人員的名義美方人員跟隨對船進行檢查。9月4日，三方最終簽訂調查報告，確認銀河輪沒有運載化學武器原料。銀河號被迫中止正常航運長達33天，中方要求美方賠償，但美方態度強硬，堅持拒絕道歉，最後不了了之。 -
Murayama Statement
It synthesized the position of the Japanese government on historical recognition and reconciliation with Asia and other nations subjected to Japanese colonialism, primarily involving China and the Republic of Korea. It recognizes the judgements of war tribunals prescribed in Article 11 of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. The Murayama Statement played a significant role in both the reconciliation of war issues as well as the shift in both domestic and international perception of Japan. -
中日聯合宣言
為1998年11月26日，時任中共中央總書記、中國國家主席江澤民訪問日本，與時任日本內閣總理大臣小淵惠三舉行峰會後共同發表的宣言。這份文件確立了雙方的「友好合作夥伴關係」，也是中日四個重要政治文件中唯一一份沒有雙方簽名的文件。江澤民表示，雙方都未考慮過要簽署這份宣言，但他認為，公布的宣言是雙方的莊嚴承諾，應當遵守。雙方重申恪守《中日聯合聲明》和《中日和平友好條約》，以正視過去、正確認識歷史為發展關係的重要基礎，雙方確信增強人員往來對增進互信十分重要；此外，擬雙方設置專線電話，並將加強雙方的對話機制，促進雙方的青少年合作；雙方決定在平等互利基礎上，建立長期穩定的經貿合作關係，進一步拓展在高新科技、信息、環保、農業、基礎設施等領域的合作。此外，日方重申了一個中國原則，表示支持中國加入世界貿易組織，並將遵守村山談話精神，對過去的歷史表示反省。