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Haiti And Santo Domingo
François Dominique Toussaint Louverture took charge of a slave revolt on the French side of the island of Hispaniola and led it between 1793 and 1802. He faced Spanish, English, and French, until his capture, exile, and death in France. In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti.But what will be called the Dominican Republic will not achieve independence from Spain until 1865. -
The Lack of a King, Occasion Of American Boards
When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the South American
Creoles held three theses:
The rejection of Napoleon's claims to America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and,most importantly, the illegitimacy of both Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial
authorities appointed by the Spanish king. Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own,
not appointed by the Crown -
Independence Of Ecuador
Let us remember how the independence of Guayaquil was proclaimed (9-10-1820), the arrival of the patriot army commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, and its triumph in Pichincha (24-05-1822), which culminated the independence of the Great Colombia, the president of Perú, General José de San Martín, to discuss the strategy to end the war against the royalists. -
Causes Of Latin America Independence
Economic: The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the colonies by preventing
Social: Was resentment over the prerogatives of the Spaniards.The
disputes between Spaniards and creoles for management positions.
Ideological: The forerunners of Independence became aware of the differences between the colonies and the Metropolis, highlighted the value of their own and raised the alternative of the fatherland as a separate entity from Spain. -
From The Boards To The Wars Of Independence
The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities to form a Sovereign Junta. They tried to prevent the contagion. The viceroys of Lima and Bogota immediately sent troops with the order to besiege Quito and not allow "a grain of salt" to enter. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and Bogotá occupied the city. But the reaction of the Spaniards led to the polarization of the positions and the creole elites multiplied, since 1811, the proclamation,without ambages -
From Juntas To Wars
Juntas were called interim depositaries of the sovereignty until the legitimate king returned. Military reactions of the colonial authorities was immediate. Spaniards' reactions led to the polarization and the creole elites multiplied. The Creole reaction was increasingly strong and organized. A true continental war for several years. -
Mexican Independence
The priest Miguel Hidalgo was placed in front of the Indians and peasants and launched, as we saw, the "cry of independence" in the town of Dolores. Throughout three years, it obtained triumphs with
its army and occupied several cities of Mexico, but was defeated in Guadalajara and executed by the realistic authorities in 1811. The command was taken by another priest, José María Morelos, who led the second stage of the revolution (1811-1815). -
The Independence In Latin America
The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the
rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of
independent national states. It began with the proclamation of Sovereign
Boards in 1809. Some of them especially the first that of Quito
were pressed by fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. The process
continued until it became a true continental war. -
Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay
The first Junta de Buenos Aires (25-051810) organized three military campaigns to subdue the Spanish forces in the interior, but they were not successful. However, a revolution spontaneously broke out in Asuncion (14-05-1811), and the resulting government held independent.This is how the Republic of Paraguay was created. Colonel José Artigas commanded the revolutionary troops who
defeated the royalists at the Battle of Las Piedras (18-05-1811) and besieged the walled Montevideo. -
New Granada and Venezuela
Morillo soon resumed control of Venezuela and New Granada. But, in 1817, Bolívar, Piar, Páez, and other Venezuelan leaders reactivated the war. Bolívar faced and defeated Morillo in Calabozo, in 1818. However, later, Morillo counterattacked and defeated Bolivar in the valley of Aragua. Then Bolívar crossed the Andes and defeated the royalists in the battle of Pantano de Vargas (25-07-1819). which sealed the independence of New Granada. -
Independence Of Chile
San Martin was not discouraged and decided to continue with his plans,only now he first had to liberate Chile. For that he spent years
making weapons, bullets and all kinds of equipment, and organizing the Army of the Andes. than a month later in the Aconcagua Valley and although it suffered a serious defeat in Cancha Rayada (19-03-1818), it triumphed in the decisive battle of Maipú (5-04-1818), assuring the independence of Chile. -
Peru
Together with O'Higgins, and with 200,000 pesos that he obtained from Buenos Aires, San Martín managed to buy a naval squadron to attack the Spaniards in Peru by sea.San Martin sailed from Valparaíso (20-08-1820) with a fleet of eight warships and 16 transport ships, and 4,500 men from the armies of the Andes and Chile. It disembarked in Pisco (8-09-1820), and forced the realistic army to retreat towards the mountain range.Martin (July 5, 1821), and forced the viceroy La Serna. -
Central America
Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence from the Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself better from Spain England invaded Nicaragua but was rejected, although it remained with the enclave of Belize. Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Of this one separated in 1904,
by the direct action of EE. UU, to control the Panama Canal. -
San Martin and Bolivar
In their meetings in Guayaquil (26 and 27- 07-1822), Bolivar, liberator, and president of Gran Colombia, and San Martín,protector of Peru, talked about what was missing to complete the freedom of America.He returned to Lima, resigned from the government of Peru (20- 09-1822), and returned to his home in Mendoza, Argentina (01-1823) A year later,discouraged by the death of his wife and the internal fights between Unitarians and Federals, he emigrated to Europe, where he died in 1850. -
Brazil: Monarchical Independence
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil (1807) and later promoted a legal reform (1815) by declaring Brazil as the territorial base of the Empire of Brazil, Portugal, and the Algarve. In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed. -
Independence Of South America
When Fernando VII returned to the throne in 1814, patriotic military campaigns subsisted in Venezuela and the Río de la Plata. In the
first, Simón Bolívar Member of the Caraqueña boards of 1811 was named new military leader, and in 1813 he liberated Mérida and Caracas in the so called Admirable Campaign, cities that gave him the title of Liberator. It was the greatest force that would leave Spain in the course of the war: 65 main ships, 18 of battle. -
End Of The War Of Independence
In 1823, Bolívar was authorized by the Congress of the Gran Colombia to take command of an expedition to Peru. in Lima and met with Sucre and the Peruvian leaders to plan the attack. Bolivar and Sucre defeated the Spanish army at the Battle of Junín (6-08-1824). Four months later, while Bolivar had gone to Lima to raise more money and receive a new contingent of troops, Sucre was forced to give battle and destroyed the last bastion of the Spanish army at the battle of Ayacucho (9-12-1824) -
The Case Of Puerto Rico
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain, was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. Consequently, it is not an independent country. -
Independence Of Cuba
José Martí organizes the Cuban Revolutionary Party and looks for the old leaders of the revolution, unifies the different currents, builds a small army, and disembarks in Cuba. Martí dies in one of the combat actions (1895), but the revolutionary army continues to fight. The USA does not want
to lose the possibility of taking over the largest island of the Antilles and, in
1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in the port of Havana.
