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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a U.S. Supreme Court decision that endorsed segregation under "separate but equal" belief. It first came to be when Homer Plessy an African American train passenger refused to sit in a car for blacks only. Plessy's felt like his constitutional rights were violated. The Supreme court ruled that this law was unconstitutional. African Americans were impacted by the change. [https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson] -
Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka
Brown v. the Board of Education marked the end of "separate but equal." It was a unanimously rule that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment. Brown v. the Board of Education impacted both African Americans and Whites, for African Americans they now had an equal opportunity in eduation. And for whites they had to except that fact. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka] -
Gideon v. Wainwright
Ear Gideon was sent to jail, and couldn't afford a lawyer and when he asked to have one appointed to him the judge refused so he had to represent himself and had to serve 5 years in prison. He latered studied law and wrote a letter to the U.S. Supreme Court that his 6th Amendment was violated. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gideon and now criminal defendants in federal and state have the right to a lawyer. -
Title IX
Title IX is a federal civil rights law passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX protects people from discrimination based on their gender in education activities.Title IX was made into a law in 1972, before Title IX was made there wasn't much opportunities for female athletes. Women were impacted for sure and because of it there were more women in sports, etc. [https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/title-ix] -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
Education of all Handicapped Children Act required all public schools that accept federal funds to provide equal access to education for children with disabilities, both physical and mental. Obviously students with disabilities were involved, parents of the students, and schools. Schools had to come up with educational plans, free meals. EHA was later renamed as Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990. [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/s6/summary] -
Plyler v. Doe
Revision to the Texas education laws in 1975. It allowed the state to withold from local school districts funds for children of immigrant families. Plyler v. Doe was violating the 14th amendment. Who was involved was superintendentof schools, James Plyler and one of the four families. Children of illegal immigrants were the one impacted by the change. -
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Students in Hazelwood East High made stories on teen pregnancy and divorce but they were deleted by the school's principal for being "inappropriate." The students felt their First Amendment rights had been violated and took their case to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. The Supreme Court favored with the school and said "that public schools do not have to allow student speech if it is inconsistent with the schools' educational mission." -
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
Couple students in Texas high school chose a classmate to address players. It was done on a loudspeaker and there was usually a prayer involved. Three students sued the school arguing that the prayers violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Most of the Court rejected the school's argument since the player was student driven and led. Court ruled that the action was constitute school-sponsored prayer because loudspeakers were owned by the school.
