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Boston Latin School formed
American colonists created a school instead of sticking to the past practices of teaching children how to read and write at their home or in church. At first, only boys attended or women of wealthy families. -
Common school movement began (1830s)
Gaining momentum, schools were a new concept for people to grasp. Not always met with acceptance, with issues of paying more tax for children that were not their own and racism being some problems. -
Standardization of public school curricula
Education practices varied between schools, there was no uniform so this change made it so that the same high-quality education was district-wide, available to kids in any school -
"Age grading" introduce by Horace Mann
Well traveled man saw that division by age groups worked in other areas of the world. Up until that point, U.S. kids mostly learned in one room schoolhouses with all ages mixed together. This age division became the norm. -
Massachusetts first state to abolish legal segregation
Took about another century for the rest of the United States to catch up and follow lead. -
Land grant colleges
Changed the way school and education was perceived, this option made people reconsider their stance. More people able to attend and the focus was not about skipping school and working. Opened doors for many individuals. -
Second Morrill Act
States with racial segregation to provide a land-grant institution for black scholars whenever there was a restricted land-grant institution implemented for white students. Federal money going into black schools. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Racial segregation laws for public places and facilities. The quality needed to be equal, doctrine came about “separate but equal.” This negatively affected minorities, especially African-Americans. Often times, the schools or quality of education was not equal but this law stuck around for a while. -
Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka
Students of any race could be denied admission to a school based on doctrine, “separate but equal,” until the Supreme Court all agreed this violated the Equal Protection Clause. It violated it because black scholars suffered psychological harm due to the segregation and circumstances. Case ended segregation of public schools, now illegal to do so. Win for African-Americans and minorities discriminated against. -
Higher Education Act of 1965
Congress passed this legislation that created a system of scholarships and low-interest loans. Made college more accessible and affordable for everyone. -
Title IX
This law protects people from discrimination due to their sex in any program or activity. Women often suffered the consequences of sexism before this law. Now they can feel free to do any activity that is receiving Federal financial assistance, this is important in education. There should not be any more division in sports, clubs or classrooms due to this law hopefully resulting in a better educational experience for all. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
This protected rights of any individual with disabilities and their families by meeting the individual’s needs, and improving conditions for the individual and family. Required all public schools to provide access, equal access, to individuals with mental and/or physical disabilities. This was very important because this made school free to people who may already need to spend more money or go further to get access to the basics in the same setting as all other children. -
Plyler v. Doe
A law formerly in Texas said that Texas could withhold funds for children who were undocumented. Supreme Court ruled that this violated the Fourteenth amendment rights of these kids. This was discrimination against something they could not control. It also could not serve a large enough state interest. -
Board of Education v. Rowley
New York school refused to provide a deaf student with a sign-language interpreter because her school performance proved she did not need one. Supreme Court found that the school was in fact providing her with a free and appropriate education guaranteed to children under Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Supreme Court said her “school was not responsible for providing a maximally beneficial education” even if there was only some educational benefit. -
Washington v. Seattle School District No. 1
Busing plan to integrate schools. Mandated school policy and school officials challenged in federal court. No court found district to be engaged in unlawful segregation. Thought to target integration efforts and primarily disadvantaged minority students. -
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District
Case about student placement practices in two school districts. District looked at race as one primary factor for placing a student, instead of giving choice. The only time they weren’t allowed was when a school was overenrolled. Unconstitutional to place based on race and districts had not been segregated or achieved integration. No justifying sole factor. -
Forest Grove School District v. T.A.
A student with learning disabilities switched to a private school after their public school failed to meet his needs as a student. The order was that the public school district reimburse the private school expenses. The Supreme Court ruled that the school could be forced to reimburse the student if a free and appropriate public education had not been provided. It did not matter if the student in this case or any had received special education before or not in the public school.