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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease Cause
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for Sick
Prayer, excorcisms, amputation, etc. -
3100 BCE
Medicine Used Today
Digitalis- for heart
Quinine- digestion
Belladonna and atropine- digestion
Morphine- pain -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
-earliest people to keep accurate records
-priests were physicians
-used medicine, splinting fractures, and bloodletting for healing -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
-first to use acupuncture therapy with stone tools -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
-first to study that illness could be caused naturally
-religious customs said dissection was wrong
-Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics, “Oath of Hippocrates”, took notes on symptoms of disease and had knowledge and observation of anatomy -
100
Ancient Romans
-learned from the Greeks and used aqueducts to have clean water, and used sewers to get rid of waste
-first to organize medical care by sending equipment to care for wounded soldiers
-kept houses for the ill, which is the beginning of hospitals which lead to physicians being paid by the government and a “public hospital”! -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Study of Medicine
-medicine stopped being studied when the Roman Empire was invaded by the Huns -
700
How Disease is Treated
-disease was treated with prayer again, sometimes medicine of herbal mixtures -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Epidemics caused millions of death
-bubonic plague (black death)
-smallpox
-diphtheria
-syphilis
-tuberculosis -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
Rebirth of learning, scientific progress was made
-university and schools for research
-acceptance of dissection for study
-development of many books -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
He studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered the fallopian tubes of female anatomy. -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat. -
William Harvey
Using physiology, he understood the circulation of blood and the heart pumping -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope and understood there was life smaller than what the eye can see. -
Apothecaries
Apothecaries were early pharmacies -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Used bifocals and discovered colds can be passed from person to person -
Medical Students Learning
They better understood illness by dissecting a dead body. They also attended lectures and observed patients. -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element of Oxygen -
Edward Jenner
Discovered the vaccination for smallpox -
Rene Launnec
Invented the stethoscope, increased the ability to hear internal organs -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Florence Nightingale
Founder of modern nursing, promoted better sanitation -
Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified the cause of childbed fever, which was physicians neglecting to wash their hands after dissecting dead bodies -
Louis Pasteur
“Father of Microbiology”, discovered microorganisms and that they are created by disease, as well as pasteurization treats milk and makes it safe to drink -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered that some microorganisms cannot be seen under microscopes, called viruses -
Joseph Lister
First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery to prevent infection -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed asepsis -
Robert Koch
Introduced cleanliness is important. Discovered disease causing organisms and the bacterium that causes tuberculosis -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the effects of medicine on disease -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays -
Anesthesia
Early- herbs, hashish, alcohol, choking
19th century- nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin works as a medicine -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered the conscious and unconscious mind, basis of psychology and psychiatry -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that dead polio is actually a vaccine for poliomyelitis -
Albert Sabin
Live polio virus is more effective vaccine -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered how DNA replicates and hereditary traits are passed down. Won a Nobel prize -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant -
Ben Carson
Successful surgeon who performs siamese twins separating and hemispherectomies -
Period: to
21st Century
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3D Printing
We have been able to print out artificial veins, implants, custom surgical instruments, and pills, faster and cheaper. -
Virtual Reality
Virtual reality has been used to distract patients in surgery or help students practice surgery. -
Gene Sequencing
Mapping a patient’s DNA has been able to show life threatening conditions before they show up. -
Delaying Diabetes
Using immune cells, drug Teplizumad, or Tzield, has been delaying and altering type 1 diabetes and helping internal organs. -
Faster Sepsis Detection
An artificial intelligence program at John’s Hopkins has been used on patients after surgery to detect sepsis up to 6 hours earlier than testing.