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Evil spirits
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Prayer, excorcisms, amputation, etc.
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Digitalis- for heart
Quinine- digestion
Belladonna and atropine- digestion
Morphine- pain -
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-earliest people to keep accurate records
-priests were physicians
-used medicine, splinting fractures, and bloodletting for healing -
-first to use acupuncture therapy with stone tools
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-first to study that illness could be caused naturally
-religious customs said dissection was wrong
-Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics, “Oath of Hippocrates”, took notes on symptoms of disease and had knowledge and observation of anatomy -
-learned from the Greeks and used aqueducts to have clean water, and used sewers to get rid of waste
-first to organize medical care by sending equipment to care for wounded soldiers
-kept houses for the ill, which is the beginning of hospitals which lead to physicians being paid by the government and a “public hospital”! -
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-medicine stopped being studied when the Roman Empire was invaded by the Huns
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-disease was treated with prayer again, sometimes medicine of herbal mixtures
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Epidemics caused millions of death
-bubonic plague (black death)
-smallpox
-diphtheria
-syphilis
-tuberculosis -
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Rebirth of learning, scientific progress was made
-university and schools for research
-acceptance of dissection for study
-development of many books -
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He studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
Discovered the fallopian tubes of female anatomy.
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Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat.
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Using physiology, he understood the circulation of blood and the heart pumping
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Invented the microscope and understood there was life smaller than what the eye can see. -
Apothecaries were early pharmacies
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Used bifocals and discovered colds can be passed from person to person
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They better understood illness by dissecting a dead body. They also attended lectures and observed patients.
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Discovered the element of Oxygen -
Discovered the vaccination for smallpox
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Invented the stethoscope, increased the ability to hear internal organs -
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Founder of modern nursing, promoted better sanitation -
Identified the cause of childbed fever, which was physicians neglecting to wash their hands after dissecting dead bodies
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“Father of Microbiology”, discovered microorganisms and that they are created by disease, as well as pasteurization treats milk and makes it safe to drink
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Discovered that some microorganisms cannot be seen under microscopes, called viruses
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First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery to prevent infection
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Developed asepsis
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Introduced cleanliness is important. Discovered disease causing organisms and the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
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Discovered the effects of medicine on disease
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Discovered x-rays
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Early- herbs, hashish, alcohol, choking
19th century- nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform -
Discovered penicillin works as a medicine
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Discovered the conscious and unconscious mind, basis of psychology and psychiatry
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Discovered that dead polio is actually a vaccine for poliomyelitis
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Live polio virus is more effective vaccine
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Discovered how DNA replicates and hereditary traits are passed down. Won a Nobel prize -
Performed the first successful heart transplant
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Successful surgeon who performs siamese twins separating and hemispherectomies
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We have been able to print out artificial veins, implants, custom surgical instruments, and pills, faster and cheaper. -
Virtual reality has been used to distract patients in surgery or help students practice surgery.
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Mapping a patient’s DNA has been able to show life threatening conditions before they show up.
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Using immune cells, drug Teplizumad, or Tzield, has been delaying and altering type 1 diabetes and helping internal organs.
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An artificial intelligence program at John’s Hopkins has been used on patients after surgery to detect sepsis up to 6 hours earlier than testing.