Klarkowski History of Healthcare

  • Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE

    Early Beginnings

  • 3900 BCE

    Disease Cause

    Evil spirits
  • 3600 BCE

    Treatments for Sick

    Prayer, excorcisms, amputation, etc.
  • 3100 BCE

    Medicine Used Today

    Digitalis- for heart
    Quinine- digestion
    Belladonna and atropine- digestion
    Morphine- pain
  • Period: 2999 BCE to 399

    Ancient Times

  • 2900 BCE

    Ancient Egyptians

    Ancient Egyptians
    -earliest people to keep accurate records
    -priests were physicians
    -used medicine, splinting fractures, and bloodletting for healing
  • 1900 BCE

    Ancient Chinese

    -first to use acupuncture therapy with stone tools
  • 900 BCE

    Ancient Greeks

    -first to study that illness could be caused naturally
    -religious customs said dissection was wrong
    -Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics, “Oath of Hippocrates”, took notes on symptoms of disease and had knowledge and observation of anatomy
  • 100

    Ancient Romans

    -learned from the Greeks and used aqueducts to have clean water, and used sewers to get rid of waste
    -first to organize medical care by sending equipment to care for wounded soldiers
    -kept houses for the ill, which is the beginning of hospitals which lead to physicians being paid by the government and a “public hospital”!
  • Period: 400 to 800

    Dark Age

  • 500

    Study of Medicine

    -medicine stopped being studied when the Roman Empire was invaded by the Huns
  • 700

    How Disease is Treated

    -disease was treated with prayer again, sometimes medicine of herbal mixtures
  • Period: 800 to 1400

    Middle Age

  • 1100

    Epidemics

    Epidemics
    Epidemics caused millions of death
    -bubonic plague (black death)
    -smallpox
    -diphtheria
    -syphilis
    -tuberculosis
  • Period: 1350 to

    Renaissance

  • 1450

    Rebirth

    Rebirth of learning, scientific progress was made
    -university and schools for research
    -acceptance of dissection for study
    -development of many books
  • Period: 1501 to

    16th and 17th Centuries

  • 1515

    Leonardo da Vinci

    Leonardo da Vinci
    He studied and recorded the anatomy of the body
  • 1550

    Gabriele Fallopius

    Discovered the fallopian tubes of female anatomy.
  • 1563

    Bartolommeo Eustachio

    Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat.
  • William Harvey

    Using physiology, he understood the circulation of blood and the heart pumping
  • Antonie von Leeuwenhoek

    Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
    Invented the microscope and understood there was life smaller than what the eye can see.
  • Apothecaries

    Apothecaries were early pharmacies
  • Period: to

    18th Century

  • Benjamin Franklin

    Used bifocals and discovered colds can be passed from person to person
  • Medical Students Learning

    They better understood illness by dissecting a dead body. They also attended lectures and observed patients.
  • Joseph Priestley

    Joseph Priestley
    Discovered the element of Oxygen
  • Edward Jenner

    Discovered the vaccination for smallpox
  • Rene Launnec

    Rene Launnec
    Invented the stethoscope, increased the ability to hear internal organs
  • Period: to

    19th and 20th Centuries

  • Florence Nightingale

    Florence Nightingale
    Founder of modern nursing, promoted better sanitation
  • Ignaz Semmelweis

    Identified the cause of childbed fever, which was physicians neglecting to wash their hands after dissecting dead bodies
  • Louis Pasteur

    “Father of Microbiology”, discovered microorganisms and that they are created by disease, as well as pasteurization treats milk and makes it safe to drink
  • Dmitri Ivanovski

    Discovered that some microorganisms cannot be seen under microscopes, called viruses
  • Joseph Lister

    First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery to prevent infection
  • Ernst von Bergmann

    Developed asepsis
  • Robert Koch

    Introduced cleanliness is important. Discovered disease causing organisms and the bacterium that causes tuberculosis
  • Paul Ehrlich

    Discovered the effects of medicine on disease
  • Wilhelm Roentgen

    Discovered x-rays
  • Anesthesia

    Anesthesia
    Early- herbs, hashish, alcohol, choking
    19th century- nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform
  • Sir Alexander Fleming

    Discovered penicillin works as a medicine
  • Sigmund Freud

    Discovered the conscious and unconscious mind, basis of psychology and psychiatry
  • Jonas Salk

    Discovered that dead polio is actually a vaccine for poliomyelitis
  • Albert Sabin

    Live polio virus is more effective vaccine
  • Francis Crick and James Watson

    Francis Crick and James Watson
    Discovered how DNA replicates and hereditary traits are passed down. Won a Nobel prize
  • Christian Barnard

    Performed the first successful heart transplant
  • Ben Carson

    Successful surgeon who performs siamese twins separating and hemispherectomies
  • Period: to

    21st Century

  • 3D Printing

    3D Printing
    We have been able to print out artificial veins, implants, custom surgical instruments, and pills, faster and cheaper.
  • Virtual Reality

    Virtual reality has been used to distract patients in surgery or help students practice surgery.
  • Gene Sequencing

    Mapping a patient’s DNA has been able to show life threatening conditions before they show up.
  • Delaying Diabetes

    Using immune cells, drug Teplizumad, or Tzield, has been delaying and altering type 1 diabetes and helping internal organs.
  • Faster Sepsis Detection

    An artificial intelligence program at John’s Hopkins has been used on patients after surgery to detect sepsis up to 6 hours earlier than testing.