-
Daemonologie
King James IV of Scotland, who later became James I of England writes a book about witchcraft because of his passion and fascination of witches and black magic. -
King James I rises to the throne
After Queen Elizabeth I passed away without any children, King James IV, became James I of England and rises to power. He was also known as the wisest fool in Christendom. He strongly believed in Divine Rights and banned any criticism against himself. -
James I puts a heavy tax on tobacco
James I proclaims that smoking is harmful to the lungs and puts a tax on tobacco. -
The Gunpowder plot
Guy Fawkes plans to blow up the parliament with barrels of gunpowder and kill everyone in the parliament. -
King James I's bible is published
King James I writes his own version of the bible and it is still regarded as an excellent literature. -
Death of King James I
King James I dies of stroke and his son Charles I is seated on the throne. -
Charles I takes over the throne
Charles I, the son of James I, takes over the throne. He believes in the Divine Rights of Kings and bans the freedom of speech. His close advisor was Duke of Buckingham who used to be a close friend of James I. -
Charles marries Henrietta Maria
Charles marries a French Catholic woman. Charles does not attend the marriage in France because the ceremony was Catholic. Instead, he sends someone else to attend the marriage. Then later, Henrietta and Charles have a protestant marriage in England. The parliament is mad at Charles because the majority of them, who are puritans don't like Catholics. -
The parliament makes The Petition of RIght
The majority of the parliament was disgruntled with Charles I.Charles didn't want free speech and trialed people in the Court of Star Chamber. Usually people got their ears cut off and got branded with letters S or L. Charles didn't want to sign this document but since he had no money, he had to sign it in order to get money from the parliament. -
The Scots revolt against Charles I
Charles I forced the Scots who were prebyterians, to have an Anglican church service. The Scots revolted against this and signed a covenant to resist this command. -
Charles declares a war on parliament
Charles I, angry at the parliament for not giving him much money and also, the parliament wanted to take away king's powers and authority. They planned to pass the Grand Remonstrance. Charles thought if he could take out the important people out of the parliament, he could regain control. So he takes his 500 army men into the parliament and arrests 4 people. When the Civil war breaks out, there were two sides: The Cavaliers and The Roundheads. -
Cromwell forms a New Model Army
To fight King Charles, Cromwell, an excellent military commander, gathers veteran soliders and allied with the Scots. He forms a new modern army which was very organized and strict. -
Charles got captured and was trialed for treason
Charles I lost the war and fled to Scotland however he gets captured there. Then he is trialed for treason against the people of England. Charles finds this trial absurd because this means Charles was a traitor to himself. -
Charles gets executed
On the January day of his execution, Charles wakes up early and wears his finest clothes. He wears two shirts and eats some food. Then at one o'clock, he is lead to a scaffold and after a short speech, gets executed. -
Cromwell becomes a dictator
Oliver Cromwell finally lost patinece from the Rump Parliament and drove them out, He gains his seat as a dictator and divides the country into districts and he passed a martial law called the blue laws which banned any source of entertainment. -
Cromwell dies
Oliver Cromwell dies and regarded himself as a failure as he contradicted his belief of freedom. His son, Richard Cromwell failed to rule and resigned as a Protector. -
Old monarchy is restored
General Monk dissolves the Long parliament and elects the new members of the parliament. The new parliament decided to restore the old monarchy and the House of Lords. They decided to have Charles II back as a constitutional monarch.
Charles II restores all the entertainment in England and the regicides who killed Charles I were hanged. -
Titus Oates causes a fear of Catholics
A man named Titus Oates causes a fear of Catholics by concocting a story about a Catholic plot to take over England. -
James II starts his reign
As Charles II dies, England needs a new king. The Parliament puts James II on the throne despite their Test Act which prohibited any non-Anglicans to hold office. -
Mary and William of Orange are restored to the monarchy
The Parliament invites Jame's protestant daughter Mary and her husband William to become the monarchs of England. James II eventually left England as he had no supporters and this was called a Glorious revolution because for the first time, the monarchs were chosen by the parliament. Mary and William agreed to sign the Bill of Rights and to rule as constitutional monarchs -
King Louis XIV dies
The Sung King Louis XIV dies and his grandson Louis XVI will soon take over the throne -
Louis XVI ascends to the throne
Louis XVI ascends to the throne even though he isn't mature enough to rule a whole nation. He was a bad king, often leaving important decision to others and interested in nothing but food. -
The method of cast iron was invented
Abraham Darby invented a process of iron cast which was pouring a molten iron into a mould to make a product. -
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves invents a multi-spool frame that could do the work of 16 people at once. This destroyed the textile industry in England. -
The Stamp Act passes on to the colonies
The goods in the 13 colonies had stamps on them. The colonists had to pay extra money for the stamp. The money from the stamps were for maintaining the colonies' defence. The colonists were angry because they had no say in this and had no representatives in the British parliament. The colonists started to burn down the office and attack the officers who stood in their way. The British parliament repealed the Act after hearing about the rebellions in the colonies. -
Napoleon Bonaparte was born
-
Louis XVI marries Marie Antoinette
To make a strong aliance with the Austrian Empire, Louis XVI marries a beautiful Austrian monarch, Marie Antoinette. However,she never tried to learn the French customs and offended many aristocrats and she spent fortunes on jewels. She bought a diamond necklace that was more than France's income.
She wasn't interested in ruling or the government. She didn't understand the lives of the peasents and instead she had a play farm, She picked ministers without even looking at their portfolios. -
The Boston Massacre
Nervous British soldiers shot 5 people dead in Boston. The unemployed young men were angry at the British soldiers and started to taunt them. One soldier fired by accident and this caused other soldiers to shoot at the angry mob. The news of the Boston Massacre spread through the 13 colonies. -
The Boston Tea Party
The Sons of Liberty, the colonists who wanted feedom, disguised themselves as Native Americans and dumped tea into the sea in Boston to protest against the new Tea Act. -
The Quebec Act
The British government had the control over Quebec and they made it into a British colony. They also enlarged the territory of Quebec which took up most of the north. The Canadiens, the habitants of Quebec were allowed to speak their language and keep their customs and they were also allowed to go to a Catholic church. It looked liked a respectful act to the Canadiens however it was originally passed down to keep the Canadiens under the British control. -
The Continental Congress forms
The 13 colonies decided to make a government of their own despite the influence of the British king and the parliament. It was their first step to a revolution. -
The Battle of Lexington
This is where the first Revolutionary war starts. The British army marched to Concord to seize all the weapons and the gunpowder that the rebels stored. As the British army passes to Lexington, the shot heard round world. Both sides open fired and the Americans had to retreat. There were more American reinforcements waiting at Concord and the British had to retreat. -
Battle of Bunker Hill
It was a two day engagement between the British and the Americans. The Americans occupied Breed's Hill in Charlestown in order to protect the shipyard of nearby Boston. The British attacked the next day and they suffered heavy losses. The Americans had low ammunintion and conserved their bullets by shooting only when it is neccesary. -
Declaration of Independence was signed
-
Battle of Brooklyn
The Redcoats under command of General Howe and Cornwallis advanced to New York and tried to trap Americans in Brooklyn. General Washington responded by holding the ground until nightfall and retreating in the darkness. The British won but the escape was considered legendary. -
Trenton & Princeton
The American army crossed the Delaware River. The Hessians, a hired German army, were enjoying Christmas too much and were too drunk to fight. The Americans attacked while the Hessians were unable to fight. In the end, the battle lasted 45 minutes and there were 900 Hessian prisoners. The Americans had an astonishing victory and acquired the ammunition and guns that they needed. -
Battle of Saragota
This battle changed the Revolution. British general Burgoyne had a brilliant plan to trap the Americans. He ordered Howe and St. Legar to move east and to march north from Virginia. Howver the plan didn't work. Howe never got the message, Burgoyne was stopped by an American general, and St. Legar made it to Albany and had it all to himself. In the battle, General Bugoyne surrendered and the Americans won again. This convinced French to join the American Revolution. -
Savannah
The British seized Savannah and a joint American forced tried to take it back. The French and the Americans fought bravely but they lost badily. -
Battle of Charlestown
The British army seized control of Charlestown which was an important location to the Southern Continental Army. They all surrendered to the British army. Under the command of General Lincoln, the American forces held out as long as they could but they eventually surrendered. -
Battle of Yorktown
This battle ended the Revolution. General Cornwallis's army was defeated in the south and was retreating to Yorktown. The American army pursued Cornwallis by land and the French ships surrounded the bay of Yorktown. With no reinforcements, Cornwallis surrendered and the Americans won. -
Treaty of Paris
The battle of Yorktown didn't offcially end the American Revolution. There were a few minor battles between the Americans and the British for the next two years. Finally the treaty of Paris officially ended the war. -
The Fall of the Bastille
Because of the great famine and the high prices of bread, angry mobs storm to the Bastille to rebel against the government. Troops were sent to fight the mobs but they joined with them instead. The mob freed seven prisionors and acquired an ample amount of gunpowder. Fearing of a great rebellion, Louis agreed to keep the foreign merceneries away from France. -
Great Fear starts
Sensing a trend of revolution, the peasents in the rural areas of France start to rebel at the aristocrats who held the obligations to the lords and burned downed the chateaux and invaded the offices of the aristocrats. -
Louis XVI calls the Estates General
Becauses of France's growing financial crisis and people's complain of the indifference of the nobels, Louis XVI calls the the parliament to discuss about France's problems.
To please the third estates, Louis XVI gave them some token responsibilities such as fixing the taxing system. However, when there was an another meeting in May, the people wanted to change the whole government of France. -
The National Assembly meets in Versailles.
The National Assembly meets in Versailles. They abolished all feudal rights and priviiledges of the nobles and they also abolished serfdom. -
The march to the Versailes
Crowds of peasent women decided to march to the Versailles palace to protest to the king and the queen. On their march, the march, more preasents joined them. The women beheaded anyone who stood in their way. Finally, they broke into the palace and tried to kill Marie Antoinette but luckily Marie escapes to Louis's chamber. -
Legislative Assmebly is formed
A new government was formed called the Legislative Assembly. It tried to establish a workable government but there were too many groups struggling for power. It was a doomed failure. -
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to escape France
Louis could feel his power dissipating from his throne. He wanted to restore his old power back so he plans to run away to Austria where he can get some foreign aid. So, his family disguise as servants but they were caught during their trip. This proved that the presence of a king is no longer needed in France and many people wanted a republic. -
The Tennis Court Oath
The third estates were getting impatient with the second and third estates' absolute power so they decide to make their own government, the National Assembly. Louis XVI tries to prevent the third estates rebelling by locking them up in an indoor tennis court. There, the representitives of the third estates swears to meet until the constitution is written. -
France declares war on Austria
During the revolution, France declares a war to Austria. Many foreign countries wanted to crush France so that they can restore the monarchy in France again. They didn't want the revolution to spread. During the war, France loses a couple of battles but finally, they claim victory at Valmy. Motivational speakers like Danton, Robespierre, and Marat encouraged young people to join the army and fight for France or else they would get their hard earned priviledges taken away by the foreign troops. -
Jean-Paul Marat dies
Jean-Paul Marat, a fierce writer and also a member of the Jacobins was assasinated by a Girondist named Charloette Corday. She killed Marat by the hopes of lessening the violence in France. She was sent to the guillotine. The painting of death of Marat is still one of the most famous paintings today. -
The Reign of Terror begins
The Jacobins start to make the revolution more radical and violent. They wanted the aristocrats and the monarchs to the guillotine. Some of the members of the Jacobins were Robespierre, Marat, and Danton. They were the main leaders of the Jacobins. -
City of Toulon
Napoleon was a strong supporter of revolution and he was a follower of Rosseau. He helped to recapture the city of Toulon from anti-revolutionary forces. -
Danton dies
Fearing that Danton gained too much power, Robespierre sends Danton to the guillotine. However, Danton predicted that Robespierre would soon follow him. Danton told his executor to hold his head up high so that it was worth seeing. After his death, Robespierre ruled France with absolute power. -
Robespierre dies
People feared Robespierre's absolute dictatorship and he destroyed all the opposition to the government and made extreme changes in France. Robespierre tried to condemn more people and kill them but then the table has been turned and all the accusations have been turned back to him. He was later sentenced for the guillotine. After his poor scuicide attempt, he was beheaded with his close friends. -
Napoleon attacks the angry mob
The Convention called Napoleon to deal with the angry mob of French citizens. He fired canons point-blank into the crowd. He was later remarked as putting down the crowd with a whiff of grapeshot. -
Napoleon won brilliant victories
Napoleon drives out the Austrians and sets up republics. However, Napoleon didn't keep his promise with the Italians. His army viewed Italy as a rich territory and stole everything they could. -
Napoleon promises freedom to Italians
To gain the interest of the Italians, Napoleon promised the Italians freedom. He wanted Italians to help the French to fight the Austrians. -
Napoleon helps to overthrow the French government
Napoleon helped to overthrow the government of France. Napoleon adopted the title of First Consul and set about improving the French life inn many ways. He created an official bank in France and created a Civil code to make the lives of the citizens more pleasent. -
Napoleon crowns himself as an Emperor
Napoleon rises as the Emperor of France but his mother doesn't atttend to his ceremony because he and his brother were fighting. -
Napoleon invades England
Napoleon tries to invade England with thousands of troops but his ships were spotted and captured by Lord Nelson before the invasion. -
Continental System
To block off the trades of Britain from other European countries, Napoleon passed downed a a law to prohibit other countries from trading with Britain. He didn't want Britain to prosper from the trading. However Napoelon couldn't control all the trading happening in Europe. The British ships were smuggling good from Europe and also Britain made it illegal to trade with France or United States. -
Napoleon invades Spain
Napoloeon invades Spain because Spain was allied with Spain. Spain's defence was looslely organized and Napoloeon wanted to steal things from Spain. However because of the patriotic Spanish soldiers, France could not conquer Spain. -
Napoleon invades Russia
Because of his great ambitions, Napoleon decided to invade Russia; it was a terrible mistake. He gathered up 600,000 soldiers and marched to Russia. He promised the soldiers to form their own countries after the war was over. However the Russians fought intelligently. Moscow was desserted and was burnt to the ground. With no city to surrender, Napoleon retreated back to the nearest friendly territory. Then the Russian army attacked when the French were retreating. Napoleon suffered heavy losses. -
Battle of Waterloo
After his return, Napoleon gathers up 130,000 soldiers who were part of elite groups like Old Guard. As he marched up to Belgium, he defeated small seperate reinforcements. Napoleon almost succeeded in the battle but the English and German troops fought well and finally Napoleon surrendered. -
Napoleon get exiled to Elba
After losing the battle in Russia, Napoleon seriously damaged his reputation. Later, he lost the battle of Lipzig and a battle near Paris. He was forced to resign and was exiled to island of Elba, Italy. -
Napoleon gets exiled to Saint Helena
After his defeat in the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon escapes to the port of Rochefort but he gets captured by his pursuers. The British governers were scared of him and exiled him to a faraway island called Saint Helena and he was held there as a prisoner until his death in 1821. -
Napoleon returns from exile
After Napoleon's exile, Louis XVII ruled France but he made very bad decisions. The citizens of France longed for the return of Napoleon. After ten months, Napoleon returns with 1000 soldiers. As soon as he comes back, most of the French soldiers join his side. -
Steam Engine
James Watt invents the steam engine. This changed the factories in England. They didn't need to be built near a river because the steam engine could be powered 24/7 and was more powerful than a watermill or a windmill. -
The Agricultural Revolution
In England, the agricultural technology advanced and farmers were able to have more harvests. John Deere invented the steel plow. Also turnips replenished nitrogen in the soil and farmers didn't have to wait for the soil to replenish nutrients. -
Workers' association established
In1824, workers' associations became legal and labour unions were established. -
First Locomotive
George and Robbert Stephenson built first Locomotive powered by a steam engine. Its top speed was 15km/h which was considered fast at that time. It was used as a main transportation to ship goods across Europe. -
Child Labor Law passes down
The English government wanted to improve the lives of the factory workers in England. After a long discussion, the English government finally abolishes child labor in 1833. -
Potato Famine
The English were doing well in their buisness and had a stable economy in Europe. However in Ireland, many farmers ruined their harvest because of the blights th potatoes. Many Irish people moved to England to look for jobs. There weren't many job oppurtunities for the Irish and many often worked in a dilapidated factory.