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Bessemer steel production
This was a process that was the first inexpensive way to mass produce steel. This truly sparked the industrial revolution. -
Tenement
These were very small, multi-occupancy buildings that the poor lived in in the late 19th and 20th century. They were exposed heavily by the photography of Riis. They were cramped, lacked adequate windows, were commonly expanded via the fire escapes and lacked proper sanitation facilities. -
The Gilded Age
an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the north and west. it was from the 1860s to1896 -
Social Gospel
This was a movement by a group of Protestants in response to social problems from urbanization, industrialization, and increasing immigration of the Gilded Age. They argued that people should attempt to emulate the life of Jesus -
Labor strikes
These were refusals to work in order to get SOMETHING. Some examples include the Great Railroad Strike 1877(Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages of workers for the 3rd time in a year so workers wouldn't let trains go until it was reversed), the Homestead Strike 1892(at a steel plant, management wanted to break up the union to reduce wages quicker) and the Pullman Strike 1894 (workers refused to work the luxury pullman cars, cars were tipped) -
Industrialization
The rapid development of industries in a country or region. New inventions and technological advancements sparked the massive boom of industry in the U.S. The factory conditions were very poor and typically had a low wage as people would work just to get paid. It was common for immigrants and children to work in the factories. -
Alexander Graham Bell
a scientist, inventor, and engineer credited with inventing the first telephone. He also founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) -
Labor Unions
organized associations of workers formed to protect and further their rights. Knights of Labor (KOL) was the first important labor union and was meant to protect workers from employer retaliations. American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a union of craft unions formed after KOL because some sub-unions didn't like the leaders but still wanted a union. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was an international union that promoted worker solidarity in the struggle to overthrow the employing class. -
Samuel Gompers
He was an important figure in the labor reform movement. He founded the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions which later became the American Federation of Labor with Gompers as its president. -
Haymarket Riot
It was a labor rally that turned into a riot after a bomb was thrown at police. 8 deaths were attributed to the violence and and despite evidence, 8 of the rioters were convicted for murder of the 8. -
Interstate Commerce Act 1887
A law that regulates the railroad industry and limits its monopolistic properties. It made railroads the first regulated industry. -
Robber Barons (Captains of Industry)
This term refers to people who have become rich through a lack of morals and being ruthless in their business. Names include John Jacob Astor (real estate, fur), Andrew Carnegie (steel), William A. Clark (copper), Jay Cooke (finance), Charles Crocker (railroads), and Daniel Drew (finance) -
Jacob Riis
Riis was a muckraking photojournalist who exposed the living and labor conditions of the not so fortunate. Many of his photos showcase the tenants and child labor at the time. He is most well known for his book"How the Other Half Lives". -
Sherman Antitrust Act
This is a federal anti-monopoly and antitrust statute that prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the marketplace. It was the first federal act to outlaw monopolistic practices in businesses. -
Klondike Gold Rush
A migration of 100,000+ people to he Klondike region of Yukon in Canada for gold. This lead to the proper establishment of the Yukon Territory. -
Populism and Progressivism
Populism is the support of "the people" and their importance in the government. Progressivism is the support of improving society through reform from the government. -
Political Machines
a political group where a big boss controls the support of a body of people who receive rewards for their participation. A major one was Tammany Hall. -
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
These are three powers given to the voters. Initiative lets voters put a proposed law on ballots for public approval. Referendum lets citizens put a recently passed law on ballots to accept or reject the law. Recall lets voters remove an elected official before their full term. -
Theodore Roosevelt
He served as the 25th vice, then the 26th president of the u.s. He helped the u.s. become a world power -
Pure Food and Drug Act
This was the first of a series of consumer protection laws enacted by the Congress. This banned the manufacturing, sales, and transportation of poisonous medicines and foods -
Susan B. Anthony
a woman who fought heavily for women's rights. She was arrested after illegally voting, thus helping the move toward women's right to vote -
Muckraker
This term, used by Teddy Roosevelt, describes American journalists that exposed institutions and leaders. Some main mucky men and women include Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, and John Dewey. -
Dollar Diplomacy
A U.S. foreign policy that allows the use of the country's financial power to expand its international power. It basically guarantees loans made with important countries. -
16th Amendment
it states "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration" which basically means that the government gets to collect income taxes from us -
17th Amendment
this amendment gives regular voters the right to elect the senators. There is an allowance of 2 senators per state and a term of six years per senator -
Federal Reserve Act
This act produced a Federal Reserve System. It was signed by president Woodrow Wilson -
18th amendment
Banned sale and drinking of alcohol. Only amendment to be repealed. mega unpopular, twas not so lit. it was the Big Sad™ -
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-American man was an industrialist that lead America in its expansion of the steel industry. He was also a prominent philanthropist, or one who promotes human welfare, in his era -
Nativism
This term is a political policy that promotes the interests of natives over those of immigrants. Nativists believed they were truly "native" to the u.s even though they were descended from immigrants. -
Settlement House
These were houses in poor urban areas that provided education, recreation, and other social services to the community. One of the most well known is Jane Addams' Hull House -
19th amendment
This amendment states "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." so basically this one gave women the right to vote so yUHHHHHH whip nae nae WE DID IT -
Teapot Dome Scandal (aka Oil Reserves Scandal or Elk Hills Scandal)
This was a scandal involving bribery of the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding. In this, the government secretly leased the federal oil reserve. -
William Jennings Bryan
This mans ran, on the democratic party, for president like three times and fLOPPeD(sorry Willy B). Anywaysss he liked to debate and was well known for it. He was part of the congress, defeated the senate, and was an editor of the Omaha World-Herald. He was once on the prosecutor side while Darrow was on the defense(scopes trial). -
Eugene V. Debs
Helped found the Industrial Workers of the World. Pullman strike, where workers refused to work the luxury Pullman cars, was led by him and the American Railway Union. -
Ida B. Wells
she was an African-American journalist who supported women's and civi rights. She was also an abolitionist and led an anti-lynching crusade and founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. -
Jane Addams
She advocated for poor and immigrant women. She also started Hull house, which housed immigrants and educated the working poor on art and literature. -
Clarence Darrow
He was a lawyer and a big member of the American Civil Liberties Union. He represented people being charged with murder from the Haymarket riot as well as Eugene V. Debs from the pullman strike -
Upton Sinclair
Sinclair was a popular muckraker in the early 1900s and wrote nearly 100 books. His most prominent is The Jungle, a book exposing the meatpacking industry
