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Period: to
Andrew Jackson
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Naturalization Act
Said only every free white person could become a US citizen -
Period: to
Geronimo
Leader of the Chiricahua Apache tribe in New Mexico
known as an infamous leader with a warrior spirit
symbol of Native American resistance to both the United States and Mexican military
US had lumped his tribe onto reservations with other Apache groups
Mexico had murdered his entire family that included his wife, children and mother)
Fought mostly in Apache-American conflict that generated from white settlers occupying on Apache lands after the war ended with Mexico in 1848 -
Indian Removal Act
Gave the federal government the power to exchange Native-held land in the Southeast for land to the west, in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) -
Trail of Tears
In the winter of 1831, under threat of invasion by the U.S. Army, the Choctaw became the first nation to be expelled from its land altogether
Went on foot without any food, supplies or other help from the government
Thousands of people died along the way -
Worcester v. Georgia 31 U.S. 515
In 1831 Samuel Worcester were indicted by Georgia for violating a statute that stated they could not live within the limits of the Cherokee without a license
Does the state of Georgia have authority to regulate the intercourse between state citizens and the Cherokee Nation?
Ruled that the Cherokee (and similar groups) are a sovereign nation, which means that states have no right to take land away from them Only the federal government has the right to negotiate treaties with indigenous groups -
Indian Appropriations Act of 1851
Settlers continued moving west, and therefore there were still tensions between whites and indigenous peoples
In an attempt to control indigenous people
Formally created reservations to “protect” indigenous people
Native people were not allowed to leave without permission -
Gunboat diplomacy
Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo harbor and forced Japan to enter into trade relations with the US and ended isolationism -
Japanese begin to immigrate to Hawaii
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Geronimo surrendered
Geronimo eventually did surrender in 1886 and was imprisoned in Fort Sill, OK -
The Dawes Act of 1887
Allowed the government to divide reservations into small plots of land for individual Indians, the rest was sold
In an attempt to help assimilate indigenous people faster and improve their quality of life -
Gentleman's Agreement
Agreement between US and Japan that US wouldn't exclude Japanese immigrants in their immigration policy if Japan didn't issue as many passports to travelers - short term solution -
Extension of Naturalization Act
US supreme court extended naturalization act to exclude Japanese immigrants -
Alien Land Law
Prohibited Japanese nationals from owning property in the US -
National Origins Act
Lowered the immigration quota from each European country - favors northern and western European immigrants -
Period: to
WWII
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Pearl Harbor
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US superstition
US Dep. of Justice claimed a largescale Japanese invansion was imminent and that Japanese Americans in Hawaii were committing sabotage -
Philip Johnston, a non-Native American who grew up on a reservation, suggested creating a code out of Navajo languages
Other codes had been broken
Japan and Germany sent students here to study Navajo during the interwar period, made people nervous to try this again, but went with it anyways
Marines were the first to capitalize on this, recruiting a few dozen Navajo for the mission of creating and memorizing a secret code -
Executive Order 9066
Signed by Franklin Roosevelt, authorized the forced removal of Japanese Americans living on the West coast -
First forced removal of Japanese Americans
Bainbridge Island, WA -
Fred Korematsu Case
supreme court ruled that incarceration was a military necessity -
Mitsuye Endo court case rules on by Supreme Court
She was incarcerated, and she could get out of incarceration if she moved out of the west, but decided to stay because she wanted justice for all - declared that incarceration was not illegal, opened the idea that if incarcerees proved their loyalty then they could escape incarceration -
Last Japanese internment camp closed
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Navajo code declassified
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Cancelled Executive Order 9066
by President Ford -
Redress Movement
JACL launched a campaign for redress calling for restitution in the amount of $25,000 -
Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act
Granted a formal presidential apology, $20,000 in payments to all living incarcerees, and $5 million for publuc education efforts