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Formation of an independent Italy
Definition: The Garibaldi march united the Southern Peninsula, and the Kingdom of Italy was officially proclaimed
Rationale: The men are victorious as the country becomes unified. -
Papal States taken over by new nation of Italy
Definition: In the 19th century when Italy was being unified, the Papel States were given to Italy
Rationale: This is land in the Papal States -
Failure of First Italo-Ethiopian War with the Battle of Adowa (Adwa)
Definition: Italy lost the First Italo-Ethiopian War because when they arrived at the battle of Adowa the number of Ethiopian soldiers heavily outnumbered the number of Italian ones.
Rationale: Shows a portrait of soldiers fighting in the war -
Italy invades and takes over Libya
Definition: Italy invaded Libya and captured the city of Tripoli from the Turkish Troops.
Rationale: Italian soldiers interact with the Libyans -
Mussolini kicked out of Socialist Party for pro-nationalistic sentiments regarding WW I
Definition: Mussonlini opposed the ideas of the Socialist party when he supported the idea of joining WWI
Rationale: Newspaper showing Mussolini being kicked out of the party -
Mussolini begins work as editor for the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti
Definition: For 29 years this newspaper was founded by Benito Mussolini and it was a pro-war newspaper.
Rationale: A picture of the newspaper itself -
Treaty of London
Definition: This was a secret treaty between Italy and the Allied Forces that brought italy into the world war
Rationale: These are the signatures on the treaty itself -
Beginning of Biennio Rosso
Definition: Social conflict in Italy immediately following World War I
Rationale: Shows men during the Bienno Rosso conflict -
Fascio di Combattimento formed in Milan
Definition: This was a meeting held in Milan, and the group of people who gathered was a club of Mussolini supporters gathering after the first world war
Rationale: Shows the logo of the club -
D’Annunzio takes Fiume
Definition: The Italian poet D’Annunzio had declared his Fiume to be his, and that he would rule it.
Rationale: People in Fiume at the time -
Mussolini forms alliance with Giolitti
Definition: Mussolini Makes a deal with Giovanni Giolitti so that he can have more seats during the next elections
Rationale: This is a portrait of Giolitti -
Mussolini forms the PNF (Fascist Party) and is elected its leader
Definition: The PNF as an Italian party created by Mussonlini so that he could have more seats in order to have total power during the 1921 elections
Rationale: This is the symbol for PNF -
March on Rome and Mussolini becomes Prime Minister
Definition: The extreme fascists wanted Mussolini to become Prime MInister of Italy, and in response the Ras and fascists did the March on Rome. At the same time, the former Prime minister was encouraging the king to make Mussolini the new Prime Minister
Rationale: This is people partaking in the march. -
Corfu Incident
Definition: The Italian general was murdered in Greece, Mussolini sent forced to invade a Corfu, Greece in response
Rationale:This is a picture of the Italians in Greece -
Acerbo Law passed
Definition: Baron Giacomo Acerbo proposed that this law would be made so that whichever party that received more than a quarter of the popular vote, would automatically get ⅔ majority in parliament
Rationale: This is a portrait of Acerbo -
Aventine Secession
Definition: The withdrawal of about 150 left/center deputies from the Italian Chamber of Deputies to show opposition to Mussolini
Rationale: This picture shows three big name politicians who held major roles in the secession. -
Matteotti Crisis
Definition: Giacomo Matteotti was an Italian Socialist ho was assinated by the fascists. His death sparked a lot of controversy because the majority of the Italians assumed Mussolini was responsible for his death
Rationale: This is a portrait of Matteotti -
Battle for Grain
Definition: Started by the fascist regime in Italy under Mussolini’s rule had the goal of self-sufficiency of wheat production in Italy and was ultimately successful in increasing nationwide wheat production.
Rationale: This picture is the photo taken of Mussolini and used for the propaganda spreading in regards to the Battle for Grain. -
Locarno Treaty signed
Definition: The attempts of WWI Allied Powers to secure new/changed post-war territories with the intent to normalize relations with Germany. Also, established that Germany would never again go to war against another country.
Rationale: This picture displays Gustav Stresemann (Germany), Austen Chamberlain (Britain), and Aristide Briand (France) debating and negotiating about the Locarno Treaty properties. -
Battle for Land and Battle for the Lira
Definition: One of Mussolini’s many battles in the Italy economy, this one was an attempt to raise the value of Italian currency. This started in the early 1920s but was confirmed at the Pesaro Speech on the 18th of August
Rationale: Featuring Mussolini as the center man, this picture displays the influence of Mussolini in the streets of Italy. -
Kellogg-Briand Treaty signed
Definition: Becoming effective on the 24 of July 1929 the treaty was an international agreement where the countries that signed it agreed to not use war to resolve “disputes or conflicts”.
Rationale: This picture shows the signatures of the original 31 signatories who agreed to the treaty in 1928, only 25 of whom were still signatories in 1929 once the treaty was enforced. -
Lateran Treaty with Pope
Definition: This treaty, lasting until the 3rd of June 1985, was between Mussolini and Pietro Gasparri giving the Vatican City and the Pope full independence in exchange for Rome being allowed to be Italy’s capital.
Rationale: This picture shows the joining and unified effort of both the Vatican and Italian delegates prior to the signing of the Lateran Treaty. It shows an effort to keep peace within one’s own country. -
Abyssinian Crisis
Definition: Started from the Walwal incident during the conflict between the Italian Empire and the Empire of Ethiopia, previously known as Abyssinia. The crisis was international but both Ethiopia and Italy maintained a policy of provocation against each other.
Rationale: This picture shows just how internationally impactful this crisis was. To the extent that news and updates of the Abyssinian Crisis are showing up in newspapers all over the world. -
Battle for Births
Definition: While this took place starting in 1922, the Battle of Births was confirmed in October of 1935. The goal was to increase the Italian population by 20 million in a span of about 20 years. (Mid-1920s to 1950)
Rationale: This shows the Fascist Mothers Medal which was given to moms who had birthed five or more children and each bow was added for each additional child. -
Stresa Front
Definition: This was an agreement between French, British, and Italian prime ministers that reaffirmed the Locarno Treaties and said that Austrian independence would continue to inspire the countries’ common policies. Also, talked about resisting German attempts to alter the Treaty of Versailles.
Rationale: This picture shows the non-German diplomats attending their meeting in attempts to keep European peace. -
Italian involvement with Spanish Civil War
Definition: Mussolini joined the civil war in attempts to expand the influence of fascism in the Mediterranean region of Europe.
Rationale: This picture is a piece of propaganda that warns against Italian help in the Spanish Civil War because the Republican part of Spain feared Italian invasion. -
Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty signed
Definition: This coalition was not formalized until 1939 but created between Italy’s foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano, and Germany and it “informally” linked the two fascist countries which came to benefit them in WWII.
Rationale: This picture shows the Italian politician using the same salute that Hitler will come to make infamous, a salute that holds such bad history, but by saluting this the Italian politician shows the intentions of all of Italy. -
Munich Conference
Definition: This was a settlement between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy that allowed for the German annexation of Sudetenland which is in the western part of Czechoslovakia
Rationale: This displays political delegates coming together to sign the Munich Agreement and the unified attempt at peace. Shows Neville Chamberlain (Britain), Edouard Daladier (France), Adolf Hitler (Germany), and Benito Mussolini (Italy). -
Italy invades Albania
Definition: This invasion ended on the 12th of April and was due to new imperialism policies under Mussolini’s government. Soon the Albanians would flee to Greece and the Albanian Kingdom would become part of the Italian Empire.
Rationale: This picture shows part of the invasion period of Italy in Albania and shows the Italian forces moving forward and past Albanian people and flags. -
Italy enters WWII on side of Germany
Definition: Previous to this, Mussolini did not have alliances with either side, that being Germany or the Allied Forces, but on this date he declares war against France and Britain right as the French forces appear to be failing.
Rationale: This is a news article on the front page of a news paper that clearly shows how big the news of Italy joining the war was. -
Mussolini brought down by coup during WWII
Definition: The previous night Mussolini’s Grand Council meets to talk about the immediate future of Italy and decides that Mussolini is not needed, so the processing day the Grand Council votes Mussolini out of power and he is arrested upon leaving.
Rationale: This picture shows the arrest of Mussolini upon leaving the meeting where he is voted out and shows his struggle against being arrested just like the struggle his fascist government had faced. -
Mussolini Killed
Definition: Mussolini was less killed and more like he was executed brutally and was used as a show of violence. Mossolini was executed by machine gun fire and then his body was later hung upside down in a public plaza.
Rationale: This picture shows the barbaric nature of his death’s showing which displays how angry the Italian people were at him.