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Congress of Vienna
European powers redraw borders after Napoleon’s defeat, restoring Austrian control over Northern Italy, and dividing the Italian peninsula among various states. -
Revolutions in Italy
Uprisings break out across Italy demanding constitutional reforms and independence, notably in Sicily, Milan, and Venice. -
First Italian War of Independence
The Kingdom of Sardinia (led by Charles Albert) fights Austria but is defeated. -
Plombières Agreement
Secret meeting between Cavour (Prime Minister of Sardinia) and Napoleon III (Emperor of France), securing French support against Austria. -
Second Italian War of Independence
Sardinia and France fight Austria, leading to the annexation of Lombardy into Sardinia. -
Expedition of the Thousand
Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Redshirts invade Sicily and Naples, leading to the fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. -
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II is declared King of Italy, though Rome and Venetia remain outside Italian control. -
Third Italian War of Independence
Italy allies with Prussia against Austria and gains Venetia after Austria’s defeat. -
Capture of Rome
Italian forces seize Rome, ending Papal States' control, and making Rome the capital of unified Italy. -
Law of Guarantees
Defines the Pope’s status after losing territorial power, he rejects it, leading to the Roman Question. -
Treaty of Saint-Germain
After World War I, Italy gains South Tyrol Istria from Austria, completing territorial unification.