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Britain's Act of Union
The Acts of Union, passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May of that year. -
Louis-Philippe reigned in France
reigned over France from 1830 until he was forced to abdicate in 1848. He was born at the Palais Royal in Paris on October 6, 1773, the eldest child of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and Louise Marie Adélaïde of Bourbon. -
The Sorrows of the Young Werther by Goethe
a loosely autobiographical epistolary novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, first published in 1774. -
Reflections on the Revolution in France
a political pamphlet that was written by the Irish statesman Edmund Burke -
Frederick William IV reigned in prussia
Frederick William IV, the eldest son, and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia reigned as King of Prussia from 7 June 1840 to his death -
Essay on the Principles of Population by Malthus
was first published anonymously in 1798, but the author was soon identified as Thomas Robert Malthus. -
Robert Owen opened New Lanark
Owen, who became mill manager in 1800, was an industrialist who carried on his father-in-law's philanthropic approach to industrial working and who subsequently became an influential social reformer. New Lanark, with its social and welfare programs, epitomized his Utopian socialism -
Alexander I reigned in Russia
was the first king of Congress Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland, reigning from 1809 to 1825. -
Concert of Europe created
a system of a resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain power -
Bourbon Restoration
the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days in 1815, until the July Revolution of 1830. -
Congress of Vienna
a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich -
Louis XVIII reigned in France
was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. ... Louis XVIII ruled as king for slightly less than a decade. -
Britain's Corn Laws
The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and grain enforced in the United Kingdom -
"Iron Law Wages" by Ricardo
a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. -
Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle
held in the autumn of 1818, was a high-level diplomatic meeting of France and the four allied powers Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia which had defeated it in 1814. -
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. -
Peterloo Massacre
took place at St Peter's Field, Manchester, Lancashire, England on Monday 16 August 1819 when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. -
Carlsbad Decrees
a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation -
prometheus Unbound by Percy Bysshe Shelley
is a four-act lyrical drama by Percy Bysshe Shelley, first published in 1820. It is concerned with the torments of the Greek mythological figure Prometheus, who defies the gods and gives fire to humanity, for which he is subjected to eternal punishment and suffering at the hands of Zeus. -
Congress of Troppau
was a conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed on 19 November 1820 -
Congress of Laibach
The Congress of Laibach was a conference of the allied sovereigns or their representatives, held in 1821 as part of the Concert of Europe, which was the decided attempt of the Great Powers to settle international problems after the Napoleonic Wars through discussion and collective weight rather than on the battlefield. -
Congress of Verona
the last of the meetings held by the European powers in accordance with the terms of the Quadruple Alliance (1815) between Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas. -
Charles X reigned in France
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Nicholas I reigned in Russia
came to power amid the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 and died during the Crimean War. -
Decembrist Revolt
Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. -
Greek Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire -
July Revolution
ed to the overthrow of King Charles X -
Second French Revolution
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First Belgian Revolution
the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium. -
Young Italy created
a political movement for Italian youth -
Britain's Reform Bill of 1832
was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales -
The Zollverein created
was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. -
Young Germany Created
They were identified collectively as Young Germany in a resolution of the Diet of the German Confederation -
The People's Charter
The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic -
Flora Tristan published Workers Union
she proposes a “Universal Worker's Union” in which all members of the proletariat would belong regardless of profession or sex. -
Irish potato famine
The Great Famine, or the Great Hunger, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1849. -
Second Belgian Revolution
The main cause of the Belgian Revolution was the control the Dutch had over the economic, political, and social issues of the Kingdom. -
Revolutions in Italy
The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. -
The communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto is a political document by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. -
Third French Revolution
was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. ... Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. -
FrankFurt Assembly
the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany -
June Days
was an uprising staged by French workers from 23 to 26 June 1848. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops, created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a source of income for the unemployed, albeit with pay just enough to survive -
Louis Napoleon comes to power in France
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On Liberty by Mill
a philosophical essay by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill. Published in 1859, it applies Mill's ethical system of utilitarianism to society and state. -
Das Kapital
describes the capitalist system is highly critical terms and predicts its defeat by socialism.
