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"The Sorrows of the Young Werther" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Young lover commits suicide over an unreturned love. -
Reflections on the Revolutions in France
How the French Revolution changed too quickly. -
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Frederick William IV reigned in Prussia
A conservative who initially pursued a moderate policy of easing press censorship and reconciling with the Catholic population of the kingdom -
Essay on the Principles of Population by Malthus
Population when unchecked increases at a faster rate than food supply. -
Robert Owen opened New Lanark
A factory community in Scotland with higher wages, schools, and improved conditions. -
Britain's Act of Union
GB absorbed Ireland into UK. -
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Alexander I reigned in Russia
An initial reformer, Alexander I was a conservative who defeated Napoleon, but led to a growing opposition against him. -
Period: to
Bourbon Restoration
Action to replace Napoleon's reign by reinstalling the Bourbon family to the ruling house with Louis XVIII. -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
A conservative reaction to the Age of Napoleon. -
Britain's Corn Laws
Put high tariffs on foreign grain to help local grain farmers. -
Period: to
Louis XVIII reigned in France
Person who restored the Bourbon family to France's ruling house. -
Concert of Europe
Agreement to periodical meetings to discuss war and revolution. -
Iron Law of Wages
Natural Cycle of Political Economy that the government shouldn't interfere with. -
"Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley
Technology gone wrong. -
Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle
A high-level diplomatic meeting of France and the Concert of Europe (P.E.A.R) and agreed upon no more occupation army in France and they'd join the Quad Alliance once reparations were paid in full. -
Peterloo Massacre
Riot in England where citizens demanded the reform of parliamentary representation -
Carlsbad Decrees
Reforms established by Metternich where strict censorship and supervision of classrooms and libraries, spies and police terrorized liberal students and professors were used and caused small liberal and nationalistic movements to evaporate. -
"Prometheus Unbound" by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Poetry that portrays humans revolting against oppressive laws and customs. -
Congress of Troppau
Agreement that the Concert of Europe would help to stop revolutions Italy and Spain. -
Period: to
Congress of Laibach
Agreement that Austrians stop revolts in Italy. -
Congress of Verona
Congress agreed to support France if it should be attacked by Spain and authorized a French expedition into Spain -
Monroe Doctrine
Statement issued by the U.S that says any attempt of a European power to re-colonize L.A. would be viewed by the U.S. as an act of aggression and would be met with aggression, and was backed by Great Britain. -
Period: to
Charles X reigned in France
Brother of Louis XVIII's reign in France. -
Period: to
Nicholas I reigned in Russia
Successor of Alexander I as a result of the Decembrist Revolts and while in power, autocracy reached its high in Russia. -
Decembrist Revolt
Called for Constantine to become tsar, not Nicholas, but was eventually crushed. -
Period: to
Louis-Philippe reigned in France
Proclaimed king in 1830 and was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers. -
Greek Independence
Exception to the principle of avoiding intervention from the Congress of Vienna; a revolt to free the Greeks from the Ottoman Turks. -
Young Italy Created
A secret political association to promote the fight for Italian independence and unity. -
Period: to
July Revolution/Second French Revolution
It led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe. -
Period: to
First Belgian Revolution
Conflict which led to the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium -
Britain's Reform Bill of 1832
Ended corrupt voting districts and doubled voting population. however there was still a property requirement. -
The Zollverein created
A coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. -
Young Germany Created
A social reform and literary movement in 19th century Germany. -
The People's Charter
Called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic -
Lora Tristan published Worker's Union
Believed inequality of sexes was because of inequality of ownership of property. -
Period: to
Irish Potato Famine
Period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from an unknown fungus attacking all potato crops, resulting in a fatal harvest. -
Second Belgium Revolution
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Revolution in Italy
Organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. -
The Communist Manifesto
1848 political document by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that explained their perfect idea of communism. -
Period: to
Third French Revolution
A political uproar (one of many in Europe at the time) where the birth of Second Republic occurred and Louis Napoleon eventually declares himself emperor (Napoleon III). -
Period: to
Frankfurt Assembly
Convention of liberals and nationalists from several German states that met in 1848 to try to form a unified government for Germany, -
Period: to
June Days
Revolt of French workers against the monarchy; divisions rose between the middle class and workers and they reached a boiling point when the Constitutional Assembly abolished the national workshops. -
Louis-Napoleon comes to power in France
After the Revolution of 1848, in 1850, Napoleon III was elected president of the Second Republic. -
"On Liberty" by John Stuart Mill
Expressed absolute freedom of opinion. -
Das Kapital
A publication written by Karl Marx that describes his point of view with economics, politics, and philosophy.
