-
"The Sorrows of the Young Werther" by Goethe
The Sorrows of Young Werther is a loosely autobiographical novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. It was one of the most important novels in German literature and influenced the later Romantic movement. -
"Reflections on the Revolutions in France"
"Reflections on the Revolution in France"is a political pamphlet written by the Irish statesman Edmund Burke. Burke argued that British policy had been inflexible and called for more pragmatism. -
"Essay on the Principles of Population" by Malthus
Malthus states that population increases exponentially according to birth rate, and will always outweigh food sources. -
Robert Owen Opened New Lanark
New Lanark was an experimental socialistic community of Robert Owen. -
Alexander I Reigned in Russia
Alexander I was the Emperor of Russia between 1801 and 1825. -
Britain's Act of Union
Britain's Act of Union united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of ambassadors of European states lead by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and its purpose was to restore legitimacy and stability to Europe. -
Louis XVIII Reigned in France
Louis XVIII was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. -
Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days in 1815, until the July Revolution of 1830. Louis XVIII came to power and reigned in highly conservative fashion. -
Creation of the Concert of Europe
The Concert of Europe consisted of the major conservative powers of Europe, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Great Britain. Their goal was to oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and maintain a balance of power. -
Britain's Corn Laws
The Corn Laws were tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and grain enforced in the United Kingdom. They were designed to keep grain prices high to favour domestic producers, and represented British mercantilism. -
"Iron Law of Wages" by Ricardo
Ricardo's law stated that all attempts to improve the real income of workers were futile and that wages inevitably remained near the subsistence level. -
Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle
The Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle was a high-level diplomatic meeting of France and the four allied powers: Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. -
Peterloo Massacre
Cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. -
Carlsbad Decrees
The Carlsbad Decrees were a series of measures adopted by the German Confederation that established severe limitations on academic and press freedoms and set up a federal commission to investigate all signs of political unrest in the German states. -
"Prometheus Unbound" by Percy Bysshe Shelley
"Prometheus Unbound" was a lyrical drama. It is concerned with the torments of the Greek mythological figure Prometheus, who defies the gods and gives fire to humanity, for which he is subjected to eternal punishment and suffering at the hands of Zeus. -
Congress of Troppau
The Congress of Troppau was a conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed on 19 November 1820. The Congress met on 20 October 1820 in Troppau in Austrian Silesia at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. -
Congress of Laibach
The Congress of Laibach was a conference of the allied sovereigns or their representatives, held in 1821 as part of the Concert of Europe, which was the decided attempt of the Great Powers to settle international problems after the Napoleonic Wars through discussion and collective weight rather than on the battlefield. A result of the Congress was the authorization of Austrian intervention in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in order to quell a liberal uprising. -
Greek Independence
Greek revolutionaries waged war against the Ottoman Empire and succeeded. -
Congress of Verona
The Congress of Verona was the last of the meetings held by the European powers in accordance with the terms of the Quadruple Alliance between Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. -
"Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley
Frankenstein is a novel about a young scientist who creates a hideous sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization. -
Charles X Reigned in France
Charles X was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. -
Nicholas I Reigned in Russia
Nicholas I reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. -
Decembrist Revolt
The Decembrist revolt took place in Imperial Russia on December 26, 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. -
Creation of Young Germany
Young Germany was a group of liberal German writers, which existed from about 1830 to 1850. -
Louis-Philippe Reined in France
Louis Philippe I was King of the French from 1830 to 1848. As Duke of Chartres he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary Wars but broke with the Republic over its decision to execute King Louis XVI. He fled to Switzerland in 1793 after being connected with a plot to restore France's monarchy. -
Louis-Napoleon Comes to Power in France
Napoleon III, the nephew of Napoleon I, was the first President of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last French monarch from 1852 to 1870. First elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848, he seized power in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be re-elected, and crowned himself the Emperor of the French. -
July Revolution (Second French Revolution)
The July Revolution, or the Second French Revolution, led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch. -
First Belgian Revolution
After a series of incidents, the revolution erupted in Brussels in 1830. William I sent in his troops, but they were expelled on September 27th, 1830. The rebels received support from volunteers outside the city. Following this rising Belgium gained their independence from the Northern Netherlands. -
Creation of Young Italy
Young Italy was a political movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini.
The aim of this society was to create a united Italian republic. -
Britain's Reform Bill of 1832
The bill reformed voting by increasing the electorate for the House of Commons and removing certain inequalities in representation. -
Creation of The Zollverein
The Zollverein was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. -
The People's Charter
The charter contained six points, all of them political and all with a radical pedigree: (1) annual parliaments, (2) universal male suffrage, (3) the ballot, (4) no property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) equal electoral districts. -
Frederick William IV Reigned in Prussia
Frederick William IV, the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 7 June 1840 to his death. -
Flora Tristan Published "Worker's Union"
Exhorting the workers to act through union rather than violence in quest for a livable minimum wage and other benefits, The Workers' Union outlines the methods for organizing such a union, the goals of the union, and the reason women's rights must be emphasized in forming it. -
Irish Potato Famine
The Irish Potato Famine was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland. -
Third French Revolution
Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. -
Revolution in Italy
The Italian Revolution was led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government. The revolution was led by the state of the Kingdom of Sardinia. -
"The Communist Manifesto"
The Communist Manifesto is a political document by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It argues that class struggles are the motivating force behind all historical developments. -
Frankfurt Assembly
The Frankfurt Assembly was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. -
June Days
The June Days uprising was staged by French workers. It was in response to plans to close the National Workshops created by the Second Republic in order to provide work and a source of income for the unemployed, albeit with pay just enough to survive. -
"On Liberty" by Mill
Mill's liberty principle is the idea that each individual has the right to act as he/she wants, as long as these actions do not harm others. -
"Das Kapital"
"Das Kapital" is a foundational theoretical text on materialist philosophy, economic, and politics written by Karl Marx.
