Information Cycle Timeline of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Information Cycle Timeline of the Jallianwala Bagh Massace

Period: Jan 1, 1900 to Oct 9, 2015

Defence of India Act

Mar 19, 1915

An emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War.

Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act (AKA the Rowlatt Act)

Mar 18, 1919

An extension of the Defence of India Act (1915) granting very wide powers of preventive detention, internment without trial, restriction of writing, speech, and movement for use against revolutionary conspiracy and terrorist activity. The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 precipitated large scale political unrest throughout India.

Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh

Apr 13, 1919

Initial report in The Times (London)

Apr 15, 1919

Read it online! "Grave Riots In India." The Times [London, England] 15 Apr. 1919. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 7 Oct. 2015 Reports like these can be considered the first draft of history. They often include the "Who, What, Where, and Why" of an event.

Newspaper report

Apr 15, 1919

Read it online "The Outbreak in India." Times [London, England] 15 Apr. 1919: 13. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. These reports are intended for a general audience, not very detailed, and can contain innacurate info Initial reporting of the events at Amritsar.

Letter from Rabindranath Tagore to Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India

May 31, 1919

Full text online Tagore, R., Dutta, Krishna, and Robinson, Andrew. Selected letters of Rabindranath Tagore. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 215-218. Print.

"Rabindranath's Resignation" - Commentary on Tagore's letter

Aug 1, 1919

Full text online
"Rabindranath's Resignation." The Modern Review, August 1919. 169. Web.

Times article

Dec 16, 1919

Read it online! "The Amritsar Disclosures." Times [London, England] 16 Dec. 1919: 15. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. After time, reports become more detailed and provide a deeper investigation into the immediate context of events.

Amritsar Debate: House of Commons Criticism of General Dyer

Jul 9, 1920

Image and Full text of newspaper "Amritsar Debate." Times [London, England] 9 July 1920: 16. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.

The Times reports: General Dyer's Defence

Jul 9, 1920

Read it online "General Dyer's Defence." Times [London, England] 9 July 1920: 17+. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.

Parliamentary support for General Dyer

Jul 21, 1920

Read it online
"Lords Support Gen. Dyer." Times [London, England] 21 July 1920: 14. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.

Reform in India

Dec 1, 1920

Full text online Houghton, Bernard. "Reform in India." Political Science Quarterly 35.4 (1920): 545-54. Web. In the weeks and months after an event, long form stories appear that begin to discuss the impact of an event on society, culture, and public policy.

Acts of the Indian Legislative Council

Sep 9, 1921

Full text online Muddiman, A. P. "British India." Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 3.3 (1921): 125-35. Web.

A Passage to India by E.M. Forster

Apr 9, 1924

Find it in the library! Forster, E. M. A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1924. Print.

A Passage to India, reviewed in the Guardian

Jun 20, 1924

Read the review online

Scholarly article analysing the manuscripts of Passage to India

Mar 1, 1970

Full text of the article Levine, June Perry. "An Analysis Of The Manuscripts Of A Passage To India." PMLA: Publications Of The Modern Language Association Of America 85.2 (1970): 284-294. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. Written years after the book's release, this article analyzes multiple versions of the novel's events.

Scholarly article examining the political significance of Passage to India

Oct 9, 1971

Full text of the article Meyers, Jeffrey. "The Politics Of A Passage To India." Journal Of Modern Literature 1.(1971): 329-338. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. Academic journals include detailed analysis and learned commentary related to the event. They are often theoretical, and intended for other scholars and researchers.

Essay on E.M. Forster's characters, their treatment, and social relations

Mar 1, 1975

Full text online Price, Martin. "People Of The Book: Character In Forster's A Passage To India." Critical Inquiry 1.3 (1975): 605-622. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.

Collection of primary documents from Modern India and Pakistan

Apr 15, 1988

Find it in the library Embree, Ainslie Thomas., Hay, Stephen N, and De Bary, William Theodore. Sources of Indian Tradition. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia UP, 1988. Print. Introduction to Oriental Civilizations.

Scholarly article about British reactions to the massacre

May 1, 1991

Full Text of Article Sayer, Derek. "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920." Past and Present 131 (1991): 130-164.

Scholarly essay on the Indian National Movement

Jan 1, 1997

Full Text of Article
Tuteja, K. L. "Jallianwala Bagh: A Critical Juncture in the Indian National Movement." Social Scientist 25.1/2 (1997): 25-61. Web.

Book chapter analyzing the dynamics of British press reporting of India

Oct 23, 2003

Find it in the library! "Managing the crisis? Fleet Street, government, and the Jallianwallah Bagh massacre, 1919-20". In Kaul, Chandrika. Reporting the Raj: The British Press and India, C. 1880-1922. Manchester ; New York: Manchester UP, 2003. 199-229. Print.

Book chapter on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Oct 15, 2006

Find it in the library! "The Jallianwala Bagh." In Collett, Nigel A. The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer. London ; New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007. 251-267. Print. Books provide in-depth coverage of an event, often expanding and detailing themes, subjects, and analysis begun in academic research and published in journals. Often places an event into some sort of historical context

Entry in Reference Source

Mar 28, 2008

Find it online! Neill, Jeremy. "Amritsar Massacre." Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. : Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference. 2008. Date Accessed 7 Oct. 2015 . Provides factual information and a brief summary of the events at Jallianwala Bagh. Aimed at a wide audience seeking general information about the topic.

Scholarly article on the O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924

Oct 1, 2011

Full Text of Article Collett, Nigel A. "The O'Dwyer v. Nair Libel Case of 1924: New Evidence Concerning Indian Attitudes and British Intelligence during the 1919 Punjab Disturbances." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21.4 (2011): 469-83. ProQuest. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.

"Jallianwala Bagh massacre deeply shameful, says Cameron"

Feb 21, 2013

Full text of article Dua, Rohan. "Jallianwala Bagh massacre deeply shameful, says Cameron" The Times of India. 21 Feb 2013. Web.

Online blog post featuring historic newspapers

Mar 20, 2013

Read it online! Russell, Tim. "Jallianwala Bagh: A Landmark in the Struggle for Freedom." The Readex Blog. 20 March 2013. Web.

Online newspaper report

Jan 3, 2014

Full Text of Article</a> Lloyd, Nick. "Amritsar massacre: how Britain lost the will to rule." The Telegraph. 3 Jan. 2014. Web. 9 Oct. 2015. A retrospective look at the event from a scholar in the field, but written for a general audience.