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1853
The rebels seized Nanjing, the second largest city of the empire, and massacred 25,000 men, women, and children. -
1858
U.S. consul Townsend Harris signed a more detailed treaty. It called for the opening of several new ports to U.S. trade and residence, as well as an exchange of ministers. -
1863
the Sat-Cho alliance (from Satsuma-Choshu) forced the shogun to promise to end relations with the West. -
1868
Meiji Restoration begins -
1889
Tokyo School of Fine Arts was established to promote traditional Japanese art. Japanese artists searched for a new but truly Japanese means of expression. -
1904
Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur, which Russia had taken from China in 1898. -
1905
Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary -
1910
Japan annexes Korea