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Zengi was born in 1084. “Zangi,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zangi-Iraqi-ruler.
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Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 7.
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The Crusaders first left Europe for the Middle East. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 35.
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The Christian Crusaders marched on Jerusalem. Once the Christians breached the walls, they killed the majority of the inhabiting population. Jerusalem was home to both Jews and Muslims. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 32.
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Bladwin I became the first King of Jerusalem. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 37.
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The Muslim writer, Al-Sulami, wrote The Book of the Holy War as a warning to the Muslims that the Christians were coming to wage war and retake the Holy Land. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 43.
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The Knights of Templar were founded as a military order between 1111/1112. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii.
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The Knights of Hospitaller military order became a recognized religious order. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 48.
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Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), 85.
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Zengi was appointed governor of Basra by the Seljuq sultan, Maḥmūd II. “Zangi,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zangi-Iraqi-ruler.
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al-Mustarshid rebelled against Maḥmūd II, and he soon appointed Zengi as governor (or atabeg) of Mosul. “Zangi,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zangi-Iraqi-ruler.
Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii. -
Zengi had begun his military conquests and had taken control of Aleppo and Mosul making him the most powerful Muslim leader faced by the Crusaders. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 42.
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The Knights of Templar officially gained rule as a religious order. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 46.
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Zengi captures Aleppo. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 42.
Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii. -
Zengi leads attacks on Hama and Homs. Directly after the attacks, writer Usama entered into Zengi's service. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii, 242.
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Zengi fought a battle at Tikrit. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii, 242.
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Zengi campaigned against caliph al-Mustarshid near the city of Bagdad. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii, 242.
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After his defeat at Tikrit, Zengi fled to Mosul where he still held the "atabeg" status. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), 243.
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Zengi led campaings against Artuqids near Amid. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii.
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Zengi failed campaigns against Damascus and set out for Antioch. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii, 242.
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The Knights of Hospitaller received a fortress near Ascalon. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 48.
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For nearly three years, Zengi repeatedly failed to breach the walls of Muslim Damascus to expand his Muslim reign throughout the Middle East. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 48.
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King Fulk of Jerusalem constructed a ring of castles around Ascalon when he was unable to capture the city. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 49.
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Zengi, again, campaigned against the Homs. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii.
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Zengi fought against the Franks at Ba'rin/Rafaniya. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii, 242.
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Zengi battled against the Franks at Qinnasrin. Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xii.
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Because Zengi had repeated attempted to breach the walls of Muslim Damascus, the emir forged an alliance with King Fulk in Christian Jerusalem to keep Damascus out of the reach of Zengi. By this point, Zengi was not only feared by the Christian Crusaders, but also by their Muslim counterparts. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 49.
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King Fulk of Jerusalem died in a hunting accident. His wife, Queen Melisende, kept control of Jerusalem. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 49.
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By this time, Muslim writers began referring to Zengi as a mujahid, or a jihad warrior. This was a new term for Muslims. Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 50.
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Zengi led an attack on Edessa. Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades Islamic Perspectives (New York: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 110.
Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 50. -
The attacks on Edessa resulted in the recapturing of the (then) Christian Crusader state. This was the first of the Crusader states to fall back into the hands of the Muslims, by Zengi's military forces. Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades Islamic Perspectives (New York: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 22, 112.
Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 50.
Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xiii. -
Nur al-Din was Zengi's son, who took over the dynasty after his father's death. Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades Islamic Perspectives (New York: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 22, 116.
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Zengi was killed by one of his drunken slaves. The slave had been scolded by Zengi for drinking all of his wine. The slave murdered Zengi in his tent. Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades Islamic Perspectives (New York: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 22, 112, 114.
Thomas Madden, The Concise History of the Crusades (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 50.
Usama, The Book of Contemplations (New York: Penguin Classics, 2008), xiii. -
The start of the Second Crusade began in direct response to the fall of Edessa in 1144. Barbara Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018), 184.