-
Mazzini forms Young Italy
Nationalist group
Fight for unification of Italian states through popular uprising -
Garibaldi meets Mazzini
-
Garibaldi flees to Brazil
after a failed insurrection -
Garibaldi comes back to Italy but then flees to US then UK
-
Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of Sardinia-Piedmont
-
Napoleon's troops crush Roman Republic
-
Count Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Piedmont
-
outbreak of Crimean War
Britain+France against Russia -
Congress of Paris
dealt with peace negotiations
Count Cavour was not directly involved in talks -
The Orsini Bomb Plot
Felice Orsini (an Italian patriot) attempts to assassinate Napoleon III. He felt Nap III was responsible for failure of earlier revolutions & hoped that this would aid Italian unity. His act, designed to arouse world interest in the Italian cause, paradoxically influenced Napoleon's own decision to intervene in favour of Italian unification. -
Orsini sent to guillotine
-
Kingdom of Italy acquires Venetia
-
Papal States incorporated into Italian Kingdom
Kingdom of Italy acquires Patrimony of St. Peter -
general strike in Italy
-
Mussolini begins work as a member of Italian Socialist Party
-
Italy invades Libya
-
Mussolini appointed editor of "Avanti!"
Socialist Party newspaper -
Friederich Ebert becomes leader of SDP
-
Italian "Red Week"
-
Mussolini expelled from Socialist Partry
-
Mussolini finds Il Popolo d'Italia
-
Italy signs Treaty of London
+participation in WW1 leads to inflation -
Hitler joins German Worker's Party
-
Fascio di Combattimento is formed
-
Period: to
biennio rosso in Italy
"two red years"
serious post-war economic problems
revolution seems imminent
sit-down strikes by factory workers of the north -
Period: to
Friederich Ebert's presidency
up to his death -
Hitler becomes leader of Nazi Party
He takes control of German Worker's Party and changes it's name to Nazi - National Socialist German Worker's Party -
Italy: wave of factory occupations
- electoral victories for socialists
-
Mussolini forms National Bloc
electoral alliance with Giolitti + COrradini and other right-wing forces
in general election 35 fascists elected, including Mussolini -
Italy: Pact of Pacification
between fascists and socialists -
Partito Nazionale Fascista is formed
-
Mussolini elected leader of PNF
-
Period: to
general strike broken up by fascist violence
-
March on Rome
-
Mussolini appointed as Prime Minister
-
Period: to
Beer Hall Putch
Hitler's first attempt at seizing the power with Nazi Party
didn't succeed
he got imprisoned for treason and reconsidered his political strategy
Whilst in prison he dictated Mein Kampf and decided that the Nazis have to gain power legally through elections -
Fiume ceeded to Italy
-
Locarno Treaties
-
Period: to
Paul von Hindenburg's presidency (1st term)
-
Kellogg-Briand Pact
-
Wall Street Crash
begining of worldwide Great Depression
disastrous for Germany - 6 million unemployed
second major economic catastrophe of the Weimar Republic
Soon became a political crisis as 3 Chancellors in 2 years could not solve the problem of Germany (Bruning, Schleicher, von Papen)
Hitler is "the last hope" -
Hitler presents his demands
- Chancellorship
- Three cabinet posts for Nazis
- Creation of a Propaganda Ministry
- Control over Ministry of Interior
- Control of Prussia
- Passage of an Enabling Act giving him control to rule by decree
-
von Papen & Hitler secret intrigue
they secretly plan their government with:
Hitler -> chancellor
Franz von paper -> vice-chancellor and premier of Prussia
Wilhelm Frick -> Minister of the Interior
Hermann Goering -> Minister w/o Portfolio & Minister of Interior of Prussia -
Hitler becomes a German citizen
-
Hitler runs for president
looses
Hitler 30%, Hindenburg 49% -
Period: to
Paul von Hindenburg's presidency (2nd term)
up to his death -
Chancellor Heinrich Bruning invokes Article 48
due to growing Nazi violence -
Schleicher & Hitler secret meeting
General Kurt von Schleicher wanting to lead Germany himself holds a secret meeting with Adolf Hitler, proposing lifting the ban of SS and SA, dissolving the Reichstag, holding new elections and dumping Chancellor Bruning if Hitler would support his government. Hitler agrees. -
Chancellor Bruning forced to resign
end of democracy in Germany -
Franz von Papen appointed Chancellor
-
von Papen lifts the ban on SS & SA
-
Bloody Sunday in Germany
violent confrontation between:
SA+SS,
police
and the Communist Party supporters -
von Papen resigns
-
Period: to
Hitler demands to be made Chancellor
-
Schleicher appointed Chancellor
-
Boycott of Jewish shops and businesses
By Hitler's order to Sa and SS -
Period: to
Dr Hjalmar Schacht directs german economy
he believed in stable currency & steady growth;
promoted trade agreements with developing countries
his new plan of 1934 aimed to reduce imports to Germany and to strengthen the currency
fell out with Hitler,
replaced by Goering -
Schleicher forced to resign
-
Hitler appointed Chancellor
SA's torch-lit parade in front of Brandenburg Gate in Berlin -
Reichstag FIre
Nazis accused the communists of the arson as well as attempting to overthrow the state (arrests 4000 of them). The Nazis would use this event to eliminate all political opposition.
Marius van der Lubbe ( dutch communist) arrested
communists banned from the election -
Emergency Decree
President Hindenburg was persuaded to issue the Emergency decree invoking Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. This gave the Chancellor the authority to impose dictatorial power to protect the democratic order from being overthrown.
Members of the Communist Party were arrested. -
1st concentration camp opens
in Dachau
political opponents were put in these camps, beaten and forced to do hard labour unless they agreed to cooperate with the Nazis
Mainly communists arrested -
Enabling Act
a special power allowed by the WR's Constitution
Gave Chancellor (Hitler) & his cabinet emergency, dictatiorial powers to pass laws by decree, without the Reichstag, for a specified period of time (4 years)
Because it altered the constitution, passing of the Enabling Act required a 2/3 majority vote of the Reichstag. This was achieved by Nazi manouvering
SS & SA surrounded the building to intimidate politicians
Now, Hitler could pass any law he wanted -
every party except Nazis declared illegal
by the power of the Enabling Act -
Mussolini meets Hitler in Venice
-
Dollfuss Affair
austrofascism -
The Stresa Conference
-
Italy invades Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
-
Italy conquers Abyssinia
-
Germany & Japan: Anti-Comintern Pact
-
Period: to
Spanish Civil War
-
Italy&Germany: Axis agreement
cooperation deal
Rome-Berlin Axis -
Italy leaves LoN
-
Italy joins Anti-Comintern Pact
an anti-Soviet alliance -
Munich Conference
-
Italy invades Albania
Italy had a major military advantage on the Albanian army.
Day 1 all ports were in Italian hands.
Day 2 they had all government buildings
Day 6 the Albanian parliament deposed the King and voted to unite with Italy in "personal union"
15 April 1939 Albania withdrew from LoN
Italians set up a Fascist government. Albanian foreign office was merged with the Italian foreign ministry and army was put under Italian command. Official creation of the Italian Empire -
Pact of Steel - Italy & Germany
a military alliance -
Hitler invades Poland
unleashing general European War -
Mussolini declares war on Britain and France
-
Italy invades Egypt and Greece
-
Tripartite Pact / Axis Pact
Germany Italy Japan
in order to deter USA from entering WWII
Later signatories: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Croatia
Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, Kurusu Saburo
used during Pearl Harbor -
Italian invasion of Greece
-
Italy declares war on the Soviet Union
