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Emancipation Proclamation
On September 17, 1862, during the American civil wat, the Union won the battle of Antietam against the Confederate. (Antietam) Lincoln felt comfortable to issue the proclamation at that time and therefore the preliminary proclamation was issued on September 22, 1862. On January 1, 1863, he issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, to free the slaves. (Emacipation Proclaimation) -
14th Amendment Ratified
The 14th Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified during the Reconstruction era. The idea of the 14th amendment came from the Emancipation Proclamation. (10 Facts) The amendment assured the basic rights and equality for all races. This amendent goes beyond Civil Rights Act of 1866, giving both people and coperations protection by "due process". (14th Admendment) -
Civil Rights Act of 1875 Declared Unconstitutional
In 1883, The United States Supreme Court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional. The decision outraged the black community, and many whites as well, and they felt it leagalized segregation. Blacks would have to wait until 1964 before Congress would pass a civil-rights law, this time constitutionally, that would forbid discrimination in public places. (Civil Rights Act) -
Plessy V. Ferguson
On June 7, 1892, a black man refused to sit in a segregation car. He was arrested and brought before Judge John Ferguson of the Criminal Court for New Orleans. The law was challenged in the supreme court because the lawer said that it conflicted with the 13th and 14th amendent. The judge stated that the law wasn't conflicted. But a lot of people disagree with the judgement. ( Plessy V. Ferguson) -
Niagara Movement
W.E.B. Du Bois, author of The Souls of Black Folk, and associates organized a conference of African American leaders near Niagara Falls. This conference was the start of Niagara Movement. The Niagara Movement developed responces against the oppression on blacks in early 1900s. The Nigara Movement had conference every year until the movement could not continue because of lack of funds. In 1909, Du Bois and some members formed NAACP, which challenged unfair treatment to blacks later. (Niagara) -
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909-1910 in New York City by a group of white and black intellectuals. The NAACP leaders thought, first, to make whites aware of the need for racial equality. To do this, the organization launched a program of speechmaking and publicizing the issue. It also started a magazine, called the Crisis. (Jim Crow Stories) -
Chicago Race Riot of 1919
Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was the worst one among 25 riots in the "Red Summer". A black youth died on July 27, 1919, for he swam to a place reserved for whites, and was stoned and drowned. Police refused to arrest the white men who killed the kid. Then furious people began to gather on the beach and the disturbance began. The riot lasted for 13 days, by the end, 38 were dead, 537 were injuried. ("Chicago") -
Moore V. Dempsey
During the riot of 1919, 6 white men were killed, and 12 black farmers were accused of murdering them. The trial wasn't fair, for the jury and the judge were all white, and there were mobs outside of the court saying they must get death sentence or they would lynch them. The judge sentenced them to death. With the effort of NAACP, the case was sent back to the lower courts and the judge freed all 12 men. ("Moore") -
The Great Depression
The great depression is the longest and deepest economic downturn in the history. It began soon after the stock market crach on October 29, 1929. A lot of people lost their jobs. In 1933, the Great Depression reached its worst point, when 13 to 15 million people in US were unempolyed. With President Roosevelt's effort, the economy fully turned around in 1939. When the Great Depression began, America was the only industrlized country without umenpolyment insurance.("The Great Depression") -
In The Book: Mr. Morrison Got Fired
One Saturday, Papa came back, it was unusual because he seldom came back except in winter. He brought his colleague, Mr. Morrison, to stay with his family. Mr. Morrison got into a fight with some white men and he got fired. He didn't have any income anymore, so Papa let him stay with his family for a while. Mr Morrison's boss didn't fire any of the white men because they were white. This was unfair to Mr. Morrison. ("Taylor") -
In The Book: The Kids Take The Revenge On The Bus of Jefferson Davis School
At the end of October of 1933, it started to rain. Every morning when the black kids went to school, the bus of the white school accelerates when the bus driver saw them, which splashed the kids with muddy water. One day the kids used their lunch time to dig a huge ditch, and the bus fell into it later and couldn't get out. The kids got really happy that night. Because the white kids may need to walk to school for a long time. ("Taylor") -
In The Book: Cassie Apologized to Lillian Jean
When Cassie and her family went to the market, she bumped into a white girl. Although she apologized, she was insulted and was pushed off the sidewalk by the white girl's father, who demanded that she must apologize. Cassie said that she already did, and the white man's son agreed with that as well. But the white man wouldn't compromise, Cassie felt insulted but Big Ma fored her to apologize. ("Taylor") -
In the Book: Jeremy Simms Gave Logan Family gifts
On Christmas Eve, after the Logan family finished their dinner, Jeremy Simms arrived and gave Stacey a flute, and some nuts for the whole family. Papa and a lot of others felt weired, and Papa felt worried about the friendship between Stacey and Jeremy. ("Taylor") -
In The Book: Cassie's Revenge against Lillian Jean
One morning Cassie called Lillian Jean on the way to school, and carried her books for her. She did that for a whole month, and Lillian told her a lot of secrets of her and her friends. One day after school, Cassie told her she wanted to give her a surprise, so she lead her to a clearing and dropped the books. Lillian got mad and they started to fight. Cassie won and told Lillian that if she told anyone about this, she would spread all the secrets she told her. ("Taylor") -
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson became the first black player in the major leagues in 1947, signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers. At the time, the sport was segregated, and African-Americans and whites played in different leagues. Robinson started playing in the Negro Leagues, but he was soon chosen by Branch Rickey, president of the Brooklyn Dodgers. From the beginning of his career with the Dodgers, Robinson's will was tested. ("Jackie Robinson") -
Little Rock School Desegregation
Three years after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown Board of Education that separate educational facilities are unequal, and nine African American students attempted to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were recruited by Daisy Bates, president of the Arkansas branch of the NACCP. Martin Luther King wrote to the President, requesting a resolution allowing the students to attend school. ("Little Rock") -
The March On Washington
The civil rights movement of the 1960s changed the political climate, and in 1963, black leaders began to plan a March on Washington, designed specifically to advocate passage of the Civil Rights Act then stalled in Congress. This march for freedom and job was planned to attract 100000 partisipants, but 200000 people participated in the march. The march was followed by years of racial strife, but the march represented affirmation of hope, of belief in the democratic process. ( MARCH ) -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964. The debate of this act is the longest in Senate history. Title 2, constitutional, prohibits segregation or discrimination in public places. A lot of white people opposed to this act, responded with protests of black people. This act is considered as the most important act on civil rights since reconstruction. ( Civil Rights)
