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Brown v. Board of Education
-It was argued that segregated schools violated constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.
-Students were being denied equal educational opportunities, especially with a disability present in segregated schools.
-Ended "separate but equal" schools for white and black pupils (Gargiulo, R. M., Bouck, E.C., 2020, p. 41).
-This ended segregation in public schools and was the beginning of special education laws. I feel our school system does not allow discrimination to happen anymore. -
Mills v. Board of Education
-Allowed students with disabilities to receive a public education.
-It was established by court that parents are to be notified of progress, placement, and termination of receiving special education services. Our school system does allow any student with a disability to receive an education. I have never seen a child denied. I do feel teachers have done a great job communicating with parents regarding their child's education. -
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
-Students were not receiving the appropriate education if they had disabilities.
-The schools were violating state statutes and students' rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.
-This is where child-find came into place and detected disabilities early on and allowed them to start preschool like any other child. This child-find is followed and implemented daily in our school system. It is great and has helped many families in our district. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
-This law was signed by President Nixon on September 26, 1973.
-A 504 was to prohibit any type of discrimination with a person having a disability.
-Section 504 requires agencies to provide the appropriate modifications and accommodations to allow people with disabilities to get the same services that are comparable with those individuals without a disability. Many students are placed under a 504 to receive accommodations or modifications in their academic studies in our local school system. -
The Education of All Handicapped Children (EAHCA)
-President Gerald signed the law of the 142nd bill passed by Congress.
-It was mandated that students with disabilities have the right to testing, evaluation, and proper placement. They are also allowed to have their education in a less restrictive environment, have parent involvement, and have free education. Our public school system does have free education and have parents involved in their students education. Restrictive environments are accommodated if needed. -
Public Law 99-457
-Preschoolers with disabilities were allowed services, ages 3-5.
-Infants and toddlers up to age 2 that have disabilities were allowed early intervention services.
-Individualized family service plan (IFSP) was established for infants and toddlers. (Gargiulo, R. M., Bouck, E. C., 2020, p. 45). -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
-IDEA was the new name for EAHCA. Public law: PL 99-457.
-Schools were required to provide students with a disability educational achievement.
-Accommodations were placed for the student's with disabilities, along with inclusion classrooms.
-This allowed students that have been previously diagnosed with a disability and were neglected services to reach their full potential in school and have that academic growth. -
Public Law 105-17
State-wide assessments were now required for students with disabilities to participate in.
-Teachers were required to be part of their students IEP team.
-The general education curriculum was also available for students with disabilities. -
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
-NCLB was a policy that was implemented in the early 2000s by President George W. Bush.
-This policy was set to help low-income families with educational opportunities.
-Schools had to do assessments to see where the students were academically, and that is how schools were graded. If a school did not meet the requirements, they were instructed to make changes to better assist the students.
-This policy made the schools accountable for the education students are being provided. -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
-ESSA was implemented by President Obama
-This provided students in the general education classroom the use of evidence-based practices to prevent educational problems.