-
Jan 1, 1500
Iroquois and Algonquins
Iroquois:
- Semi-sedimentary (moved every 10-15 years)
- Farmers
- Longhouses
- Lived in big groups
- Used tools like bows and arrows, stone axes, canoes, etc.- Animal skins for clothes- Matriarchy Algonquins:
- Nomads (moved around a lot to follow the animals)
- Hunters
- Wigwams
- Patriarchy
- Lived in small groups
- Did not farm because the soil wasn't good -
Jan 1, 1534
Jacques Cartier
He came to America because:
- To find a new route to Asia.
- To bring gold and other riches back.
- To claim the land for the king of France. -
Samuel De Champlain
He established a trading post near Stadacona (Quebec City) which grew into a colony that would be called New France. -
Fur Trade
- At first the main export to France was salted fish which was replaced by beaver pelts because it was perfect for making hats.
- Because of over trapping, furs were becoming scarce and New France was forced to expand its territory.
- Coureurs des bois: They are French settlers who travel deep into the forest, live with the natives much of the year and trade with the Amerindians.
-
Seigneurial System
Captain of Militia: Dealt with issues on seigneuries. This system was made to entice new settlers by dividing it for seigneurs, which they would receive rent from the censitaires who lived on it. Duties and rights:
Seigneur: Censitaire: -
Religion in New France
The Clergy was very involved all around New France. Potential priests were trained in a seminary. To make this happen, tax money came from the church called tithe. Priests: They were in charged of parishes and worked as missionaries. Nuns: Worked in hospitals and school. -
The Royal Governement
It was the first governement and was run by the Sovereign Council which was made up by the following members: Governor - highest rank – Commander of the army, dealt with external affairs (English Colonies, Natives). Intendant – Chief administrator, controlled, budget, collecting taxes, justice, seigniorial system, built roads and set up industries. Bishop - Appointed by the Pope, administered over Parish Priests, hospitals, schools and charities. -
Jean Talon
He was appointed intendant by the king of France and his job was to populate New France.- Soldiers were offered free land if they decided to stay after their service.
- Minor criminals trying to escape going to prison in France.
- Filles du Roi who were orphan girls that were quickly married.
- Young married couples.
- Unmarried fathers hoping to increase population.
-
Intercolonial Wars
France and England were bitter enemies and they founght over issues like religion and power, which is what cause the 4 Intercolonial wars. 1st war: Ends with the Treaty of Ryswick (1697).
2nd war: Ends with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).
3rd war: Ends with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). -
4th Intercolonial War
4th war (7 years war): There was fighting in both North America and Europe. The English sailed down the river to Quebec which is what started the conquest of New France. The battle lasted about an hour on the Plains of Abraham and both sides lost their generals. The French never standed a chance since the English had sea power and could send more troops. It ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763), which gave New France to the king of England except 2 islands: St. Pierre and Miquelon. -
Articles of Capitulation
- The French Militia could return home.
- The French military had to lay down their arms and return home.
- The people could practice the Roman Catholic religion but the bishop had to leave.
- The people who stayed became British subjects.
-
First English Governors
James Murray realized that the Royal Proclamation wasn't working because only 1% of the population was English/protestant so he had to bend the rules:
- Allowed a new bishop.
- Allowed French laws in lower courts.
- Didn't call an elected assembly. The English merchants didn't agree at all with Murray's policies so he was replaced by a new governor called Guy Carleton. He kept the same policies because the americans started asking for their independence so he needed the French on his side. -
Royal Proclamation
It had a goal to control and assimilate the French in Quebec. Most of the British who came would be rich merchants. This is what it did:- The colony is now called the Province of Quebec.
- The french territory got smaller. The borders were just around the St-Lawrence river and the rest was indian territory.
- The king of England appointed a governor who appointed members of the Executive council to advise him.
- English ciminal and civilian laws were put into place.
- No new bishop allowed.
-
Quebec Act
The British merchants and the Canadians weren't happy because of all the changes the Royal Proclamation and the governors made. The 13 colonies really weren't happy because they fought to control the Ohio Valley but didn't get it. This lead to the creation of the Quebec Act:- Guanranteed French Canadian loyalty
- Bigger area for Quebec
- No elected assembly
- Appointed council
- French laws, tithe and the seigneurial are back
- Test Act Oath
-
American Revolution
Cause:
- Americans needed British protection from the French.- Wanted expansion into the Ohio Valley.- Britain was unhappy with the 13 colonies.- Britain wanted to place strict control on trade and including taxes. Revolution began in 1776, the Americans asked the Canadians to join them but they said no so the americans attacked the Province of Quebec. Revolution ended with the Treaty of Versailles. -
Loyalists
They are all the people who stayed loyal to the King of England during the war of Independance. They had to find a new place to live so they moved to Quebec. English population increased and since they were used to doing everything the English way, they wanted things to change so they sent multiple petitions to London and they finally got their wish. -
Treaty of Versailles
It is the peace treaty that ended the american revolution.- Accepted the United States as an independent country.
- Quebec had profited from the war by having its farmers feed the army.
- The fur trade had to relocate.
- Creation of a fur trading company “North West Company”.
- Territory south of the Great Lakes was now apart of the USA, and all the people who had been loyal to the King of England had to find a new place to live.
-
Representive Governement
- Governor: Appointed by parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, called assemblies, veto power
- Lieutenant Governor: Deputy governor.
- Executive Council: Appointed by Governor, advise Governor
- Legislative Council: Appointed, approve or reject laws from assembly
- Legislative Assembly: Power to approve or disapprove taxes and create laws
- People: Men over 21 with land had a say in the governement
-
Constitutional Act of 1791
- Canada was divided in 2 Candas: Upper and Lower Canada. Lower was French and Upper was English.
- French kept their religion, civil laws, and people could work in the admin.
- English were Protestant, would use the township system with English civil laws.
-
Faults in Representive Governement
- Governor had veto power.
- Wealthy governors and council members wanted in invest in business and property but the legislative assembly wanted tax goods and not property.
- Worse in Lower Canada because the legislative assembly was French.
-
Period of Change in the 19th Century
Trade:
- Britain in in high demand of timber to buld its naval fleet.
- The timber trade replaces the fur trade as the main export. Agriculture:
- Lower Canada: Soil became difficult to plant on so people left to towns.
- Upper Canada: Soil was fertile and the immigrants brought new methods. Transportation:
- Steam power invented for ships and trains by James Watt.
- Railway system. Population:
- A lot of immigrants from Ireland because of the Irish Potato Famine. -
War of 1812
- Britain was at war with Napoleon.
- Americans started trading with the French.
- British wouldn't allow it so they seized any Ameircan ships trading with the French.
- Made Americans angry so they started attacking Canadian settlements.
- Canadians and British fought back and it ended in a stalemate.
-
Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions
- No one was happy with the Consitutional Act of 1791.
- Two parties:
- British Party: William Lyon Mckenzie
- Parti Patriote: Louis Joseph Papineau
- Louis wrote 92 resolutions to the British governement to demand for responsible governement.
- The British responded with 10 resolutions, which rejected their demands.
- Rebellions broke out in Upper and Lower Canada.
- Both rebellions failed with both leaders dead.
-
Lord Durham Recommendations
- After the rebellions, Lord Durham was sent to Canada to give his recommendations.
- He proposed to increase immigration to assimilate the French, to unite both Canada's and responsible governement.
- The British governement followed Durham's propositions except for responsible governement.
-
Act of Union
- Creates Province of Quebec (Canada East and West)
- Each Canada had 42 members in its assembly.
- Governor still had veto power.
- Both Canada's payed for its country's debts.
-
Responsible Governement
- People would now elect the Legislative Assembly.
- Primise minister would for the Executive Council who would propose laws to be approved by the assembly.
- Governor and Legislative council were still appointedbut did not intervene.
-
Economic Changes in the 1850s
- Population growing in Canada East and West
- Seigneurial system abolished
- Canada creates its own currency
- More railways built
- Britain ends its preferential treatment with Canada.
- Canada sign a Reciprocity Treaty with the USA in 1854 to last 10 years.
