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1420
Florence Cathedral's dome, by Brunelleschi
The Cathedral was built between 1420 and 1436 and surprisingly is still the largest mansonry vault in the world.
The exterior of the basilica is made of polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink, bordered by white, and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade.
To built this Cathedral Brunelleschi faced two major problems that are the gravity that presses down and the bottom of any dome will bulge outward.
Brunelleschi decided to work only with brick that weigh less. -
Period: 1450 to
Renaissance
During the renaissance every continent was visited and mapped by the Europeans, except the south polar continent known as Antarctica.
It began in Italy especially in art and architecture.
The renaissance consist in including new scientific laws, new forms of art and architecture, and new religious and political ideas.
Francesco Petrarca was a Florentine and in many ways the father of renaissance.
The Italian Wars was the reason why the renaissance ended. -
1498
Pieta, by Michelangelo Buonarroti
Michelangelo took less than two years to complete the Pieta, for this he collected 450 gold ducats.
The 21 of may 1972 the Pieta was attacked with a hammer by a tourist who managed to elude the guards and hit her fifteen times, destroying her face and breaking her left arm and ten months after Florence restored the work of art.
Michelangelo sign the pieta because he overheard someone remark that it was the work of another sculptor, Cristoforo Solari. -
1509
The school of Athens, by Raphael Sanzio
The School of Athens represents all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other.
The main message of this school is to illustrates the historical continuity of Platonic thought.
The painting stands out for its use of accurate perspective projection.
Raphael Sanzio create this school to decorate the personal library of the Pope. -
Period: 1520 to 1521
The revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla
It took place during the reign of Charles I.It was an armed uprising led by the so-called community members from the cities of the Castilian interior.
It starts because of a number of factors, including Charles I's unpopularity, Castilian demands, upset over non-Castilians in office and economic issues.
It ended when the community leaders were beheaded: Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado, and the community army was decomposed. -
Period: 1568 to 1571
The rebelion of the Alpujarras
It took place durign the reign of Felipe II.
It starts because of a forced conversion Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros.
The rebellion consist in four phases that are:
1 Outbreak: Moors revolted against oppressive policies.
2 Escalation: Battles intensified, with Moorish leaders emerging.
3 Suppression: Spanish forces counterattacked decisively.
4 Aftermath: Rebellion crushed; severe reprisals and forced conversions followed. -
Period: 1568 to
The Eighty Years War
At this time the Netherlands were ruled by the Spanish Hapsburgs so their misrule, together with religious differences started the war.
The causes of the war are the Reformation, centralisation, excessive taxation, and the rights and privileges of the Dutch nobility and cities.
The Spanish had been defeated and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was internationally recognised as an independent state.
This war ended with the signing of the Peace of Münster. -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England
The Spanish Armada fail because the spanish ships were slower and less equipped for the bad weather than the English ships, also the navy was not well supplied and suffered desertions, this downfall significantly impacted global affairs. It marked Spain's decline and bolstered England's maritime supremacy, paving the way for the British Empire. This shift altered continental power dynamics, fueled rivalries, and fostered nationalism, transforming the course of world history. -
Period: to
Baroque art
The Baroque is a highly ornate and elaborate style of architecture, art and design that flourished in Europe in the 17th and first half of the 18th century.
The Baroque art movement began with the commissions of masterpieces from the Vatican and the social and religious circles around it.
This style was created by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini. -
Apollo and Daphne, by Bernini
Much of the early work on Apollo and Daphne was done in 1622–23, but Bernini decided to interrupt his work and continue with other work called David between 1623-24 so he finished Apollo and Daphne in 1625.
When Bernini made Apollo and Daphne he was 24.
The work is a life-sized marble sculpture andwant to transmit unrequited love and uncertainty.
Apollo and Daphne was the last of a number of important works commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese from Bernini. -
Saint Peter's square project by Bernini
It consists of an endless line of Doric colonnades, beautiful statues, and other exquisite structures.
Apart from this Bernini was commissioned to build a symbolic structure over the tomb of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
At the centre of the square is the Vatican obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected at the current site in 1586.
The open space which lies before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini from 1656 to 1667. -
The Spinners, by Velazquez
It is also known as The Fable of Arachne.
Velazquez do the Spinners to show his artistic veneration for the Venetian master.
The meaning of this painting is allegory of the arts and even as a commentary on the range of creative endeavor.
It was painted not for the king but for a private patron. -
Period: to
Neoclassical art
Was a widespread and influential movement in painting and the other visual arts.
Neoclassical art was invented by Johann Joachim Winckelmann, but the famous painter of this art is Jacques-Louis David.
Is called Neoclassical because writers imitated the classical structures of the Romans and Greeks of ancient times.
It had an impact in ceramics and furniture, unlike Baroque art, Neoclassicism emphasized the use of naturalism. Its subject matter was often very serious. -
Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis David
It depicts a scene from a Roman legend about a seventh-century BC dispute between two warring cities, Rome and Alba Longa, and stresses the importance of patriotism and masculine self-sacrifice for one's country.
Oath of the Horatii is an example of Neoclassical art.
It tells a story derived from the Classical world that provides an example of virtuous behavior.
The primary message is the fight for Rome. -
Carlos IV of Spain and his family, by Francisco de Goya
It was painted between Aranjuez and Madrid.
It belonged to the private collections of the Royal Palace of Madrid, where it appears in the 1814 inventory, it became part of the newly founded Prado Museum in 1824, by order of King Ferdinand VII, who is portrayed in the painting.
The work is a compendium of the extensive work as a portraitist carried out by Goya, as well as one of his most complex compositions.