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Cira 1800 Jean Marc Itard works to educate Victor of Aveyron
As an early pioneer of educating those with special needs, Jean worked to teach Victor basic words and proved one who is devlopmentally delayed can in fact learn -
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet founds American School for the Deaf (ASD)
At the time was called: American Asylum for the Deaf & Dumb. Today such terms are not socially acceptable. He used the French method of manual communication to teach the students -
Horace Mann helps establish first hospital for the mentally ill
As a Massachusetts State legislature, he toured poor houses and jails and witnessed the deplorable conditions in which the mentall ill were existing in. -
American Association of Instructors for the Blind & The American Association on Intellectual Disabilities was formed
These were some of the first advocacy groups for those with disabilities. There purspose was/is to advocate for the rights of those with special needs. -
Anne Sullivan meets Hellen Keller
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Soldier's Rehabilitation Act (1918)/Smith-Bankhead Act (1920)
Social circumstances enhanced public awareness of people with disabilities...
Upon returning home from WWI, disabled veterans were in need of assistance. These Acts helped establish vocational rehabilitation for soldiers through job training and counseling. -
National Association for Retarded Children/Citizens
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Brown v. Board of Education
Another social circumstance that brought to the forefront the need for equalilty in education...
While Brown v. BOE initially referred to the rights of black students, it eventually became the premise to provide and equal edcuation to all students! -
ESEA (Elementary & Secondary Education Act)
President Lyndon B. Johnson authorized the ESEA in 1965 as a means to provide funding and equal access to public education for students of poverty. Money was/is slated to be used for professional development, instructional materials, student resources, and parent involvement but forbade adopting a national curriculum. -
PARC (Pennsylvannia Association of Retarded Children)
PARC filed a class action law suit on behalf of students with disabilities who were being excluded from public schools. Created 4 principles that would become the foundation for IDEA:
1. all children can learn (zero-reject principle) 2. SWD should be taught alongside their peers (LRE), 3. due process must be followed in all placements (14th Amendment) 4. students must be provided an appropriate education within their capacity to learn (IEPs, related services) -
Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia
Mills expanded PARC to include ALL children-not just those with disabilities...required schools to provide a free appropriate education despite the child's disability or the expense of providing the service. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
...was enacted to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability in any programs/activities, public or private, that receive federal assistance
Bragdon v. Abbott created a 3 part test to determine if one qualifies for relief under 504 (students may not receive 504 services if they are receive IDEA services).
1. plaintiff must prove they suffer from a disability
2. must identify the major life activity they are unable to access
3. must show that the impairment substantially limits the activi -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) of 1975
Adopted 6 tenets/principles that must be utilized by public schools receiving federal funds:
1. FAPE (BOE v. Rowley 182)
2. IEP
3. sped services (Timothy v. Rochester, 1989)
4. related services (Irving v. Tatro)
5. due process (Mills v. BOE)
6. LRE (Beth v. Van Clay, 2002) -
EHA becomes IDEIA in 2004
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Shaffer v. Weast
Burden of Proof is placed upon plaintiff
