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Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the doctrine of "separate but equal" in Plessy v. Ferguson. The case was brought by the NAACP on behalf of African American families, including Oliver Brown, who sought to enroll his daughter in all-white school. The decision became the civil rights movement, promoting equality across American society. https://youtu.be/jRYK4RWyUAo?si=k9x6mr6VJUJqR5Gy -
Elementary & Secondary Education Act
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, enacted as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, aimed to address educational inequities by providing federal funding to schools serving low-income students. Title I allocated significant resources to schools with high disadvantaged children to improve academic achievement and close achievement gaps. The act also supported special education, bilingual education, and professional development for teachers. -
PARC v. Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was a 1972 federal court case that significantly improved the rights of children with disabilities in the US. The case challenged a Pennsylvania law that allowed public schools to deny access to education for children with intellectual disabilities. The court ruled in favor of PARC, establishing that all children, regardless of disability, have a constitutional right to a free public education. -
Mills v. Board of Education of Columbia
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia was a landmark federal court case that ruled that excluding children with disabilities from public schools violated their constitutional rights under the Fifth Amendment's guarantee of due process and equal protection. The case ordered school district to provide free public education, including individualized instruction and special education services. which later laid federal legislation like the IDEA. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is a federal civil rights law that prohibit discrimination against individuals with disabilities in federally funded programs. It ensures equal access to education, employment, other opportunities by requiring reasonable accommodations and modifications to policies and practices. In educational settings, it mandates schools to provide support services and accommodations for students with disabilities, ensuring a free and appropriate public education. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, was a U.S. legislation that ensured children with disabilities access to a free and appropriate public education. It mandated schools to provide individualized education programs tailored to unique needs, ensuring education in the least restrictive environment alongside non-disabled peers. The law requires schools to involve parents in the planning process and ensure procedural safeguards to protect children's rights and their families. -
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a US civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in various public life areas, employment, education, transportation, and access to public spaces. five titles: employment, public services, public accommodations, telecommunications, and miscellaneous provisions. The ADA mandates employers to provide reasonable accommodations to qualify employees with disabilities and ensures accessible public facilities -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is a US federal law that guarantees free and appropriate public education for children with disabilities. It mandates schools to provide special education services and accommodations from birth to age 21, emphasizing inclusive education and ensuring parental involvement in educational decisions. IDEA promotes academic achievement, social development, and preparation for independent living and employment of students with disabilities. -
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
The No Child Left Behind Act , signed in 2001 by President George W. Bush, was a federal education policy aimed at improving American schools and closing achievement gaps. It emphasized accountability, standardized testing, and measurable outcomes, requiring states to develop assessments and set proficiency benchmarks. Schools failing to meet these benchmarks faced corrective actions. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04 -
Endrew F. v. Douglas School District
Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District a Supreme Court case clarifing educational benefits schools must provide to students with disabilities under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The case arose when Endrew F.'s parents argued his public school's Individualized Education Program failed to provide adequate progress. The Court ruled unanimously that schools must offer IEP that is "reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress.”