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Period: 5000 BCE to 600 BCE
Ancient History and Science
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4999 BCE
Windmill
The creation of the windmill is linked to ancient Egyptians in 5000 BC. It was used to relieve the burden on human and animal power by taking advantage of the wind to grind grain. Although this is the first know case of wind being used for grinding grain, many other civilizations throughout the course of history have developed and used windmills. -
3500 BCE
The Wheel
The wheel was invented around 3500 BCE by people residing in Mesopotamia, which is current day Iraq. The original purpose of the wheel was for pottery not for transportation, which came 300 years after is conception. The wheel became significant once its use changed. With more ways to apply the technology it became a vital part of a civilization to developed and expand. -
3000 BCE
Egyptian Arithmetic
The way that Egyptians utilized arithmetic was for practical uses and were not too concerned about finding exact numbers. They used a system of hieroglyphs multiplied by 10. To find a number one only had to count each glyph and add them together. With multiplication or division, they worked on doubling a number until it reached the desired amount. This simple method made it so scribes could solve any equation they were presented with. -
380 BCE
Geocentric Model
The Geocentric Model stated that the Earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it. This model was first presented by Eudoxus of Cnidus a greek astronomer. This model was then improved by Aristotle and then further by Claudius Ptolemaeus. This way the universe was known to be true for 1500 years. -
105
Paper
Before the invention of paper in 105 CE by Cai Lun, most writing was done on heavier more costly products. With Cai Lun's type of paper it became lighter and cheaper to produce and use by using plant fibers that are soaked and dried. This allowed for knowledge to be spread easier and for less of a cost. It also made it possible for other fields, such as the arts to flourish throughout china. -
Period: 1500 to
Scientific Revolution
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1543
Heliocentric Model
The Heliocentric model debunked the Geocentric Model stating that the Earth was not the center of the universe with everything revolving around it but the sun was the center of the universe. This model was developed by Nicolaus Copernicus, although not the first person to make the statement that everything revolved around the sun. He was the first to put together a theory that was accepted throughout the scientific community. -
Telescope
This invention gave us an understanding of where we are in the cosmos. Galileo Galilei pushed the understanding of the current version of the telescope that was just used for seeing far distances on earth creating one in 1609 that could see out into the solar system. Originally only able to magnify 3 times the original size, he kept improving on his work until being able to magnify 30 times the original size. Contributing to major advances in astrology. -
Logarithms
John Napiers created logarithms that simplify mathematical equations. These made it easier to find base numbers in equations. Making computations for many different fields of study eaiser. -
Snell's Law
Snell's Law is "a relationship between the path taken by a ray of light in crossing the boundary or surface of separation between two contacting substances and the refractive index of each" (Britannica). To state it basically it is how light is reflected through different mediums such as air, water, gas, and other mediums. Today this Law is used for many optical devices, such as microscopes, telescopes and glasses. -
Laws of motion
The three laws that Sir Isaac Newton posed in 1686 still hold true today. The First law proves an object at rest will stay at rest, while and object in motion remains in motion. Second Law says acceleration depends on the mass and the amount of force placed on an object. The Third states when an object places a force on a second object, the second object exerts a equal and opposite force on first. These three laws helped us understand underlying principles of our reality. -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
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The Piano
The piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori. Originally a spinet-tone this instrument was made resembling a harpsichord laid on its side to create a more resounding noise. This invention led to many famous pieces of music from composers such as Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Frédéric Chopin. Without this instrument, the way we understand art and culture from the late 1700 to the present would be drastically different. -
Mercury Thermometer
The mercury thermometer was invented by Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724. It was the first device that had a high rate of accuracy. This device was calibrated for low temp at freezing by using salt water and high temp by boiling water. This invention made it easier to diagnose patients with illness and to track their treatment. -
Lithodipyra or Coade
Lithodiprya or Coade is a type of artificial stone that was used for sculptures and for architectural details up until 1840's. This stone is extensively resistant to weathering and erosion. It was invented by Eleanor Coade a women that ran successful business for over 50 years during a time where women business owners were not the norm. -
The guillotine
The guillotine was invented by Joseph-Ignace Guillotin a french physician who created and passed a law stating that all death sentences needed to be carried out by a machine. This invention killed many notable people such as King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette and was used in France until 1977. Although being used for passing judgment on prisoners this machine did relieve a lot of burden from the previous executioners. As well as was used as an event for the public to bring their families. -
Battery
Invented by Alessandro Volta the battery changed the way we looked at electricity. It was done by connecting two types of metal with a moist object, which would create an electrical current. This invention led to the developed technology that we currently have today -
Period: to
Second Scientific Revolution
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Corn Planter
The year is 1834 and a man named Henry Blair filed a patent for his invention of a corn planter. This corn planter was able to plant seeds 8 times faster than 1 man. This invention and patent had a major impact political and culturally when it occurred. This was due to the fact that it was the first patent identified to a man of color in the United States, thus gaining a lot of attention. -
Refrigeration Machine
The idea for the use of refrigerator came from Oliver Evans in 1805. This idea then was improved and patented as a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle using ammonia in 1835 by Jacob Perkins. This invention was so important that during the 19th century it was improved multiple time throughout the world. By the 1920's it was a standard appliance to have at home. -
Telephone
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. This device used fluctuations in electricity to transmit sound for long-distance communication. Although he never perfected the method for long-distance communication he was issued a patent for his idea as well as the concept for how the telephone is supposed to be used. -
Marie Curie
Marie Curie discovered radioactivity. She isolated radium and polonium. These two isotopes were originally linked to having great health benefits but turned out to be the opposite. Today they are used in the treatment of cancer patients. -
Isolated Epinephrine
The history of Epinephrine or what some call Adreline was done by two English physiologists George Oliver and Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer. It was later isolated and in 1901 by Jokichi Takamine and Japanese American biochemist. This discovery and isolation of this hormone has saved many lives. -
Period: to
Information and Space Age
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Zip Codes
Developed to be by the United States Postal service to reduce the burden of having minimally trained personnel. The zip code was first established as a 3-digit code by Robert A. Moon to break up the United States into 900 geographical areas. Henry Bentley Hahn, Sr then added two more digits further breaking the USA into smaller geographical areas and creating the 5-digit zip codes we know of today. -
Kelvar
Invented by Stephanie Kwolek a polish American chemist kevlar who created it by mistake while conducting experiments with different types of polymers. Kevlar has many uses, one being used in bulletproof vests for police and military personnel alike. -
EPI Pen
The Epi Pen was invented by Sheldon Kaplan to be used by the military for injections of antidotes for nerve agents. It was then used in the private sector as it is today to deliver epinephrine. This invention took away all of the time it took to fill a syringe to deliver life-saving injections. -
Gladys West
Gladys West was an African American woman who was vital to the development of GPS (global position system) which was created to be used by the United States military. She was never given credit for all the work she did due to discrimination, but in 2018 she was recognized by multiple organizations for all the work that she did. -
Google
Google has become a one-stop shop for knowledge from across the world. Invented by Larry Page and Sergey Brin two collage students who invented and started the company out of their garage. -
References
Are in attached word document.