History of Inclusion

  • Diana v. State Board of Education of California

    This decision required schools to test Spanish-speaking students in their native language.
  • PARC

    This decision determined that students with special needs couldn't be denied access to public schools and that they were entitled to free public education.
  • Mills v. Board of Education

    A school district was ordered to educate all students, including those with disabilities.
  • Larry P. v. Riles

    This ruling ensured that tests administered by public schools weren't allowed to discriminate based on race.
  • Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central

    This Supreme Court case ensured free and appropriate education for students with special needs
  • Irving Independent School District v. Tatro

    Supreme Court decision that specifically addresses related services. For the first time, the court sought to define the distinction between “school health services” and “medical services.”
  • Honig v. Doe

    Supreme Court decision that specifically addressed the role of discipline toward students with special needs
  • Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garrett F.

    Supreme Court decision that helped to clarify related services for students with special needs
  • Schaffer v. Weast

    The Supreme Court ruled that parents--instead of school officials--have the burden of proving claims that an IEP doesn't satisfy the child's needs.
  • Winkleman v. Panama City School District

    Supreme Court ruling that stated parents can file suits under IDEA on behalf of themselves because they are vindicating parental rights.
  • Forest Grove School District v. T.A.

    The Supreme Court ruled that IDEA authorizes reimbursement for private special-education services when a public school fails to provide a free appropriate public education and the private-school placement is appropriate (regardless of whether the child previously received special education services through the public school).