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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Cause of Disease
Supernatural spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for Sick
Exorcism, trephining, herbs and plants -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today
- Digitalis treats heart conditions
- Quinine controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, prevents malaria
- Belladonna and Atropine relieve muscle spasms
- Morphine treats severe pain
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Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
- Health Records were accurate
- Physicians were priests
- Healed by using medicines, splinting, bloodletting
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1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Developed acupuncture and learned to treat illness and disease with stone tools -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
- Learned that illness may have natural causes instead of spiritual ones
- Dissection was not allowed due to religious custom
- Hippocrates was the father of medicine
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100
Ancient Romans
- Using aqueducts, they brought clean water into cities. Built sewers to get rid of waste. Built public baths with filtering systems.
- First to have organized medical care
- First hospitals were rooms in physicians houses. Then public buildings were built
- Roman physicians wore death masks, which were filled with spices. This was believed to protect them from infection.
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Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped Study of Medicine
- Roman Empire was conquered by Huns. Church believed life was in God’s hands, so they had no interest in how the body functioned.
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700
Treated Disease
- Primary treatment was prayer
- Medications were herbal mixtures
- Care was just watching and protecting instead of curing
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Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
- Caused millions of deaths
- Bubonic plague (Black Death), smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis
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Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
- New scientific progress began
- Universities were built to study medicine
- Dissection was accepted
- New developments such as printing press and published books allowed for more knowledge from research
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Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
- Studied and recorded anatomy of human body
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1550
Gabrielle Fallopius
- Discovered Fallopian tubes
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1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
- Discovered Eustachian tube (tube leading from ear to throat)
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William Harvey
- Used knowledge to study physiology
- Able to describe circulation of blood and how heart pumps
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Antonie von Leewenhoek
- invented microscope
- established there is life smaller than eye can see
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Apothecaries
- Early pharmacies
- Were created in this time
- In medieval England, they engaged in trade in drugs and spices from the East
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Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
- Discovered bifocals
- Discovered that colds can be passed from person to person
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Medical Students Learning
- Attended lectures
- Observed patients at bedside
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Joseph Priestley
- Discovered oxygen
- Discovered that plants put oxygen back into the air so it is usable for respiration
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Edward Jenner
- Discovered method of vaccination for small pox
- Discovery led to immunization and preventive medicine in public health
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Rene Laennec
- Invented stethoscope
- First stethoscope was made of wood
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Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Florence Nightingale
- Got more women to come to the Nightingale School of Nursing
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Ignaz Semmelweis
- Identified cause of childbed fever
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Louis Pasteur
- Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
- Discovered that microorganisms were everywhere
- Proved that microorganisms cause disease
- Discovered that pasteurization kills bacteria in milk
- Created vaccine for rabies in 1885
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Dmitri Ivanovski
- Discovered viruses
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Joseph Lister
- Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill infection causing germs
- First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
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Ernst von Bergmann
- Developed asepsis
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Robert Koch
- Discovered many disease-causing organisms
- Developed culture plate method to identify pathogens, and isolate bacterium that causes tuberculosis
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Paul Ehrlich
- Discovered effect medicine had on disease causing microorganisms
- Found a treatment for syphilis
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Wilhelm Roentgen
- Discovered x-rays in 1895
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Anesthesia
- Physicians used to use herbs, hashish and alcohol
- Choked patients until they were unconsciousness to stop pain
- Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were discovered to put people to sleep so they didn’t feel pain during surgery.
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Sir Alexander Fleming
- Discovered that penicillin kills life-threatening bacteria.
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Sigmund Freud
- Discovered conscious and unconscious parts of mind
- Determined that mind and body work together
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Gerhard Domagk
- Discovered sulfonamide compounds which were the first medications in killing bacteria
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Jonas Salk
- Discovered that a dead polio virus causes immunity to poliomyelitis
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Albert Sabin
- Used a live polio virus vaccine instead of a dead one like Salk’s
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Francis Crick and James Watson
- Discovered the molecular structure of DNA (double helix)
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Christian Barnard
- Performed the first successful heart transplant
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Ben Carson
- Separates Siamese twins
- Performs hemispherectomies (surgery’s on the brain which stop seizures)
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Laparoscopic Surgery
These surgeries have minimal scarring, and a faster recovery time. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cells are able to change into any cell of an organism depending on its needs. -
Prosthetic Limb Advancement
Artificial limbs are now able to be controlled by the brain. -
Electronic Medical Records
Digital Medical Records have become widely adopted nationwide. This makes it much easier for doctors to transport files and for patients to receive care. -
Premature Babies
Modern medicine is able to give premature babies a higher chance of survival.