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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Event Caused By?
Supernatural Spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments For Sick?
Cerimonies to exorcise evil spirits -
3100 BCE
Medicines Used Today
Digitalis - From plant called Foxglove. Can be taken by pill or injection and is used to treat heart conditions.
Quinine - From bark of Cinchona trees. Used to treat fevers, muscle spasms, and helps protect from malaria.
Belladona & Atropine - Made by poisonous plant called Nightshade. Treats muscle spasms, especially GI pain (Gastrointestinal).
Morphine - Made from Opium Poppy. Treats severe pain and is addicting. Used as last resort. -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health Records - First people to keep accurate records on health.
Who are Physicians - Priests took the place of the Physicians.
How did they Heal - Medicines were used to heal diseases, they splinted fractures, and leeches were used for disorders. -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of Acupuncture - First to use Acupuncture. They used stone tools to treat illness and disease. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual - First to study causes of disease. Determined that diseases were caused by nature instead of spirits.
Dissection - Becasue of religous beliefs, bodies were not allowed to be dissected.
Hippocrates - The father of medicine, knowledge from observing anatomy and physiology. -
100 BCE
Ancient Romans
Sanitation Systems - Learned that many diseases were cause by the lack of sanitation. Build Aqueducts to bring in clean water.
Organize Medical Care - Romans were the first to organize medical care.
Hospital Development - Roman physicians kept rooms in their homes for healthcare which acted as the hospitals. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Stopped the study of Medicine
Roman empire was overtaken by the Huns and all healthcare stopped. Medicine was only practiced in convents and monasteries. -
700
How do they Treat Disease?
The primary treatment was prayer because the monks and preists said everything was in gods hands. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
The Bubonic Plague wiped out 60 million people. Nowadays epedemics aren’t as life threatening because of vaccines and medication. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
Universities - They began building universities so people could study healthcare.
Dissection - Dissection was approved for research.
Books - Books were created to allow access of knowledge for research. -
Period: 1501 to
16th & 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied the anatomy of the human body. -
1515
Gabriele Fallopius
Descovered fallopian tubes in the female body. -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Descovered tube from ears to throat (Eustachio Tube). -
William Harvey
Used knowledge to better understand physiology. Describes the circulation of blood flow in the human body and heart beats. -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope and discovered there was life the human eye couldn’t see without the microscope. -
Apothecaries
Early pharmacies developed and were called Apothecaries. In England these were used to trade drugs and spices from the east. -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals and found that colds were contageous from person to person. -
Medical Student Learning
Many discoveries were made that required the teaching of medicine. Students attended lectures and laboratory, and also obserevd patients bedside. When a patient died they were able to dissect and observe the human body & its diseases. -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element of oxygen and that plants replenish oxygen in the air without it which was used for respiration. -
Edward Jenner
Discovreed vaccine for smallpox which saved millions of lives. This also lead to immunization. -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope. First one was made of wood and it increased the ability to be able to hear the heart and lungs which helped discovering when diseases were present. -
Period: to
19th & 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Discovered the cause of childbed fever. Found that physicians weren’t washing their hands or aprons between patients. This is what made healthcare require hand washing. -
Florence Nightingale
Attracted well educated women to attend Nightingale school for nursing. This raised the profession of nursing. -
Louis Pasteur
The father of microbiology. Found that microorganisms were everywhere and caused disease. Discovered that heated milk prevented the growth of bacteria. He also created the vaccine for rabies. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered that some diseases were caused by microorganisms and couldn’t be studied until the electron microscope was invented in Germany. -
Joseph Lister
Used carbolic acid to kill germs on wounds that caused infection. First to use an antiseptic during surgery which prevented infection in the incision. -
Ernst von Bergmann
Made asepsis and discovered a way to make the surgical area germ free before and during surgery. -
Robert Koch
Discovered disease causing organisms and developed culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacteria that caused tuberculosis. -
Paul Ehrlich
Found the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms. Effective on killing some microorganisms but not on bacteria. Lead to chemicals fighting disease. He completed 606 experiments to treat syphilis before it worked. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x rays and took the first ever x ray of his wife’s hand. Lead to knowing what was wrong with patients easier. -
Anesthesia
Before this time, people used alcohol and many other things to treat pain such as herbs. Pain was a serious issue in surgery until anesthesia was made to put patients under in surgery. -
Sir Alexandra Fleming
Discovered that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. This was named one of the most important discoveries in the 20th century. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered unconsciousness and consciousness states. HE also studied the effects of both of those. His studies were based on psychology and psychiatry. -
Gerard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide which was effective on killing deadly diseases. -
Jonas Salk
Found that a dead polio virus caused immunity to poliomyelitis which paralyzed many every year and was made into a vaccine. -
Albert Sabin
Used a live polio virus in vaccine and discovered it to be more effective. -
Francis Crick & James Watson
Discovered the structure of DNA based on double helix. Showed that DNA replicates and how hereditary information is passed down which won them the peace prize. -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant. -
Period: to
21st Century
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Possible Cure to Peanut Allergies
Instead of the emergency dose of epinephrine, they created an immunotherapy drug which helps build up the tolerance to peanuts. -
Dual Acting Osteoporosis Drug
Medicine that strengthens your bones which could prevent future breaks. -
Antibiotic Envelope for Cardiac Implantable Device Infection Prevention
Unfortunately, infection remained a potential issue for these heart device patients as long as it was implanted. Now, antibiotic envelopes will encase these devices, preventing infection. -
ATTR-CM Drug Comes Out
ATTR-CM is a progressive cardiovascular disorder which is underdiagnosed, and potentially fatal disease that had no medication or other successful treatment option until 2020. -
Cellphone-Connected Pacemakers
Remote monitoring for pacemakers make it easier to retrieve pacemaker data.