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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
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3900 BCE
Causes of Disease
Evil spirits supposedly caused disease -
3600 BCE
Treatments for the Sick
Since disease was caused by evil spirit, exorcisms were most common. They would take out part of the cranium for the exorcisms. -
3100 BCE
Medicines used Today
Digitalis - treats heart for heart failure
Quinine - treats malaria
Belladonna and Atropine - treats irritable bowel syndrome
Morphine - treats severe pain -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health Records - Earliest people to keep accurate health records
Physicians - Priests were physicians
Healing Process - Used medicines to heal disease, splinting fractures, and treated disorders with the use of leeches -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of Acupuncture - Used stone tools at first, then later developed to advanced acupuncture -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual - With observations from Hippocrates, he noticed that illnesses were not caused by supernatural things
Dissection - Bodies weren’t allowed to be dissected during ancient times because of religious customs
Hippocrates - Considered father of medicine; based knowledge on observing the body externally -
100
Ancient Romans
Sanitation Systems - Learned from Greeks; bought clean water through aqueducts, built sewers, and built public baths
Organize Medical Care - Sent medical equipment/physicians to care for soldiers at war
Hospital Development - Physicians kept a room in their home for sick; public hospitals started -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Why did the study of medicine stop?
The Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns -
700
How is disease treated?
Praying because priests and monks believed life was in God’s hands. Some medication had herbal mixtures. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Diseases that caused many deaths at one time (the Black Death, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis) -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
Universities - Buildings for universities were developed for research
Dissection - Acceptance of dissection of body for studying and research
Books - Printing press and book publishing was developed -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
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1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied and recorded anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered Fallopian tubes of female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered tube leading from ear to throat (Eustachian tube) -
William Harvey
Understood physiology (function of living organisms and their parts) and was able to describe circulation of blood and pumping of hearts -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented microscope and found bacteria that causes tooth decay -
Apothecaries
Early pharmacies that engaged in flourishing trade of drugs and spices from East -
Period: to
18th Century
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Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals and found that colds could be passed through people -
Medical Students Learning
Students attended lectures and observed patients dead or alive. -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element oxygen and observed that plants refresh air that lose oxygen that helps with respiration -
Edward Jenner
Discovered method of vaccination for smallpox and it led to immunization and preventive medicine -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope made out of wood -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Found the cause of childbed fever and helped the start of hand-washing and cleanliness -
Florence Nightingale
Wanted more nurses and give them enough training to be successful -
Louis Pasteur
Known as the father of Microbiology and discovered microorganisms were everywhere and can cause disease. He created a vaccine for rabies -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms called viruses -
Joseph Lister
First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery to help prevent infection -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed asepsis and a method to keep an area clean before and during surgery -
Robert Koch
Discovered many disease-causing organisms and developed culture plate method -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms and completed 606 experiments before finding the correct treatment -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays and it allowed doctors to see what was wrong with the patient -
Anesthesia
Pain treatment taken before surgery -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Found penicillin killed life threatening bacteria -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind which is the basis of psychology and psychiatry -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis -
Albert Sabin
Used live polio virus vaccine -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered molecular structure of DNA (double helix) -
Christian Barnard
Performed first successful heart transplant -
Ben Carson
Pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies (brain surgeries to stop seizures) -
Period: to
21st Century
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Controlling Heart Disease
Stents that are put in artery’s to help plaque in blood vessels and attending to someone quickly while they are having a heart attack will most likely prevent anything worse happening to that person. -
Cancer
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy which all help stop the spread of cancer cells throughout the body -
HIV Treatments
Stribild was approved by the FDA to help prevent HIV and it was four medications in one dose to control symptoms of patients who had it -
Bionic Prosthetics
The ability to replace lost limbs with fully functioning fake ones -
COVID-19 Vaccine
One of the many COVID vaccines was just approved by the FDA, which helps prevent the spread