History of Educational Technology in Language Education

By fatmanur35

  • What is CALL?

    What is CALL?
    Ever since the first computers were created, there have been efforts to use them in language learning. Chapelle & Jamieson (2008) define CALL (computer-assisted language learning), the term used to refer to technology-based language learning, as "the area of applied linguistics concerned with the use of computers for teaching and learning a second language.". (John, 2018).

  • Dividing the history of CALL

    Three phases of over thirty years of history, from the 1960s to the 1990s, were identified by Warschauer and Healey (1998): behavioristic CALL, communicative CALL, and integrative CALL (John, 2018).

  • Behavioristic CALL

    Behavioristic CALL
    The concept of behavioristic CALL started in 1950s, and it was put into practice in the 1960s and 1970s.
    During and after the World War II, in language learning behaviourism was conveyed
    through the audio-lingual method which arose as a consequence of the need for foreign language
    proficiency in listening and speaking skills. Exploration, repetition and role modelling were the key elements in the instruction of this approach (Mitsikopoulou & National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2014).

  • Communicative CALL

    Communicative CALL
    Communicative CALL emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
    In communicative call, rather than being taught explicitly, grammar is taught implicitly. Computers are used to encourage writing, critical thinking, and discussion. Instead of just changing prefabricated language, students are expected to create original words (Mitsikopoulou, 2021).

  • Integrative CALL

    Integrative CALL was developed in the early 1990s in response to the criticisms of communicative approach. In this stage, teachers concentrated on involving language education tasks that are relevant to the course content, real-world conversations, and group projects that offer structure and guidance. The use of computers in this stage is different from the stages before as it uses them as a tool for borderless language learning and lifelong transfer of learning (Integrative CALL, n.d.).

  • References

    Mitsikopoulou, B. & National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. (2014). Behaviouristic CALL. In English and Digital Literacies (1.0). https://opencourses.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/ENL10/Instructional%20Package/PDFs/Unit2b_BehaviouristicCALL%20.pdf
    Mitsikopoulou, B. (2021). English and Digital Literacies. In Unit 2.3: Communicative CALL. https://opencourses.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/ENL10/Instructional%20Package/PDFs/Unit2c_CommunicativeCALL%20.pdf

  • References

    Integrative CALL. (n.d.). https://edtechcall.weebly.com/integrative-call.html
    John, C. (2018b, July 9). The evolution and impact of technology in language education. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.pub/techandcurriculum/chapter/technology-assisted-language-learning/

  • References

    Polat, M. (2017). (PDF) call in context: A brief historical and theoretical perspective. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342404706_CALL_in_Context_A_Brief_Historical_and_Theoretical_Perspective