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Period: to
From a Whisper to a Scream: The Emergence of Student Voice
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 19 - Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression
Article 25(2) - All children shall enjy the same social protection
Article 26(3) - Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. Reference: Cited by Cheminais, 2008 -
A Ladder of Citizen Participation - Arnstein
Arnstein developed a ladder of citizen participation to demonstrate eight levels of participation The eight types are arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in deter-mining the end product. Reference: Arnstein, 1969 -
Children Act 1989
The Act made it a legal requirement for children and young people to be consulted and involved in decisions that affect them. Reference: Cited by Cheminais, 2008 -
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
- Article 12- Every child has the right to say what they think in all matters affecting them, and to have their views taken seriously. -Article 13 - The childs rights to freedom of expression - to seek, recieve and impart imformation.
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Hart's ladder of Participation
Children's Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship
- Hart's model of participation demonstrates eight levels of participation involving children and young people.
- Enables people working with children to think about the level of partici[pation different activities involve and whether children are being minipulated. Reference: Hart, 1992 -
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child: Concluding Observations
The Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the body of independent experts that monitors implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
-In 1995 there were concuding observation within the UK. Particular attention was paid to the unsucessful implementation of Article 12 Reference: CRC, 1995 -
National Healthy School Standard (NHSS) - Launched
The National Healthy School Standard emphasised the importance of pupil voice and participation. See NHSS publications for 2000 and 2004 -
National Healthy School Standard -Pupil Involvement
- Emphasising the importance of pupil involvement -Giving pupils an opportunity to be involved in and consulted about their personal, social and health needs is an important part of the process in becoming a healthy school.
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Harry Shier - Pathways to Participation: Openings, Opportunities and Obligations
-Harry Shier developed a model framework to be used alongsides Harts 1992 model.
-As a tool for practitioners aiding them to explore different aspects of the participation process. Reference: Shier, 2001 -
Education Act 2002
Part 11: Section 176 - Consulation with pupils - requires that local education authorites and school governing bodies refer to statutory guidance on pupil consultation. i.e. Working together: giving children and young people a say. See 2004. Reference: Cited by Cheminais, 2008 -
Every Child Matters
- Recognises the rights of children and young people enacted through the five ECM outcomes. -Moral obligation to acknowledge the rights, voices and choice of children -Appointment of a children's commissioner - a speaker for all children
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Working Together: Giving Children and Young People a Say
-Offers guidance on providing opportunities for children and young people to become more active participants in their education.
-including involvement in planning and the evaluation of their own learning. Reference:DfES, 2004 -
Healthy School Publication -Promoting children and young people's participation through the National Healthy School Standard
-The briefing was developed to support the publication of the DfES guidance Working together: giving children
and young people a say (2004)
-Produced to ensure that provision of opportunities is available for children to make decisions that affect them. Reference: DH/DfES, 2004 -
Children Act 2004
Sections 1-9 -Legislated for the appointment of a Children's commisisoner (as advised in ECM, 2003). with a duty to promote the views, needs rights and interests of children and young people. Reference: Cited by Cheminais, 2008 -
Cycle of meaniful student involvement -Fletcher
Meaningful student involvement: Guide to students as partners in school change.
-The cycle illustrates the steps teachers should take to encourage pupil voice. Reference: Fletcher, 2005 -
White Paper "Higher Standards, Better Schools for All - More Choice for Parents and Pupils".
-Published by the Department for Education and Skills
- A commitment to update guidance for schools on involving pupils in decision making.
- School Councils Reference: DfES, 2005 -
Harry Shier -Pathways to Participation Revisited
-Shier revisits her model of participation
-Indicates the importance of student participations and pupil voice Reference: Shier, 2006 -
School Council Research Brief- Real Decision Making? School Councils in Action
Geoff Whitty and Emma Wisby
-A research report on the effectiveness of .school councils.
- Tokenisitic school councils - not all school councils where effective. Reference: Whitty and Wisby, 2007
