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Sputnik is Lanunched
Biggest Impact on Education
US feared they were losing the cold war because of shortage in of trained teachers, engineers, and students. -
National Defense Education Act
NDEA was the first time government attempted to influence the curriculum in general elementary and secondary education. Summer classes were held to train teachers to use new materials and methods. Scholarships and grants were funded by NDEA -
War on Poverty
1/4 of population lived in poverty. Many things to do to win the war on poverty, i.e. improve inner city schools, subsideize low income houses, improve health care, etc. -
Period: to
Two Dozen Major Pieces of Legislation
From 1963 and 1969 Congress passed 24 peices of legislation that affected education. -
Vocational Education Act of 1963
Quadrupled federal funds for Vocational Education to enhance occupational training opportunities. -
Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) of 1964
Job Corps to train people 16-21 in basic lii skills for employment.
Peace Corp and Volunteers In Service stemmed
EOA and Head start program: Helped kids 3-5 who were at a disadvantage, meaning no preschool. Equal terms Popular and controversial: most successful of compensatory ed programs -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Title VI prohibts discrimination against students on the basis of race, color, or national origin in all institutions receiving federal funds.
-Carrot and Stick
-De facto Segregation -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)
$1 Billion federal funds to education
Five Major sections or titles -
Higher Education Act
Provided direct assistance to institutes of higher education for facility construction and library and instructional improvement, also loans and scholarships -
Reagan is Elected
Reagan's New Federalism
--> Reduced taxes and reduced federal spending for social programs, including education. -
Wave one
Thought that what was wrong with schools could be fixed by top-down state actions directed at improving achievement and accountablility.
Higher graduation requirements, increased testing for teachers and students, and raised certification requirements -
National Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981
Consolidate the massive array of federal aid programs into several large block problems. -
Nation At Risk The Imperative for Education Reform
Report from National Commission on Excellence in Education
Described education as "Rising tide of mediocrity"
Responsible for Educational Reform Act of 1980s -
Second Wave
Focused not on state level
Local level and stucture and processes of the schools themselves. Redsitribution of power
