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Fall of Napoleon
After Napoleon Bonaparte's disastrous campaign in Russia ended in defeat, he was forced into exile on Elba. He retained the title of emperor, He returned to France in March 1815 and rebuilt his army, but he was defeated by Allied forces under the duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. -
Independence movement of Greek against the Ottoman Empire
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829 the Greeks were assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt -
Serbian Autonomy
Serbia gained autonomy from the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 and the Treaty of Constantinople in 1830, marking a step towards national self-determination -
Zollverein was formed in Prussia abolishing tariff barriers.
The primary custom union pacts were surmised in 1828, which accordingly led to the establishment of Zollverein on the 1st of January 1834 as a customs union of several states. The union was established to abolish tariff barriers and decrease the number of currencies from over thirty to two. -
Great revolution in France and Formation of French republic and abdication of French monarch Louis Phillipe.
Abdication of King Louis Philippe
Abolition of the monarchy
Establishment of the republic under a provisional government -
Frankfurt Parliament in Germany was convened to set up an all-German national assembly to draft a German constitution.
It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, 1848. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end it was forced to disband on 31 May, 1849. -
The unification of Italy
was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in 1861 in the consolidation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, -
Unification of Germany
The process symbolically concluded when most of south German states joined the North German Confederation with the ceremonial proclamation of the German Empire i.e. the German Reich having 25 member states and led by the Kingdom of Prussia of Hohenzollerns on 18 January 1871 -
Austro-Prussian War
Also known as the Seven Weeks' War, this conflict between Austria and Prussia resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation and paved the way for the formation of the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership. -
Explosion In The Balkans
These tensions were driven by factors including: Burgeoning nationalism among various ethnic groups in the Balkans.Imperial rivalries among major European powers vying for influence in the region. Revolutionary activism by secret societies and groups advocating nationalist goals Territorial disputes and competing claims over land with mixed populations.The culmination of these tensions led to the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and ultimately played a significant role in precipitating World War