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Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution, which occurred in England in 1688-1689, was a largely bloodless overthrow of King James II, a Catholic monarch, and his replacement with his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, effectively transferring power from the king to Parliament and marking a significant step towards a constitutional monarchy in England; this event is considered "glorious" due to its minimal violence and the establishment of greater parliamentary authority. -
Enlightened deposits
Enlightened despots simply refers to absolute rulers who are concerned with the lives of their subjects. In the 18th century, many European despots were influenced by the Enlightenment and took steps to make society more equitable for their subjects. -
John Locke
John Locke's philosophy inspired and reflected Enlightenment values in its recognition of the rights and equality of individuals, its criticism of arbitrary authority (e.g., the divine right of kings), its advocacy of religious toleration, and its general empirical and scientific temperament -
The social contract
The Social Contract explores the idea that the government should exist to enforce the sovereign will of society, as society is the real holder of power, not government. It was written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a political philosopher whose ideas influenced the Enlightenment and eventual French Revolution. -
Publication of the Encyclopedia
The "Encyclopédie," edited by Denis Diderot, was published in France between 1751 and 1772, with the first volume appearing on July 1, 1751, and the final volume completing the 28-volume set in 1772; this comprehensive reference work included articles on various sciences, arts, and crafts, and is considered a key text of the Enlightenment era due to its progressive and sometimes controversial content. -
The American Revolution
The American Revolution was a war fought between 1775 and 1783 where the 13 British North American colonies successfully rebelled against British rule, ultimately declaring independence and establishing the United States of America, primarily fueled by growing discontent with British taxation and lack of representation in Parliament, leading to pivotal battles like Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown, which culminated in the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. -
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the most successful generals of the French revolutionary armies. He was emperor of France from 1804-14, and in 1815. Napoleon Bonaparte (1768-1821) is regarded as one of history's greatest military leaders. Born on 15 August 1769, Napoleon was educated at military school in France. -
the start of the French revolution.
King Louis XVI needed more money, but had failed to raise more taxes when he had called a meeting of the Estates General. This instead turned into a protest about conditions in France. -
Estates General
The political and financial situation in France had grown rather bleak, forcing Louis XVI to summon the Estates General. This assembly was composed of three estates – the clergy, nobility and commoners – who had the power to decide on the levying of new taxes and to undertake reforms in the country. -
June 17 National Assembly
The revolutionary assembly formed by members of the Third Estate on 17 June 1789 when they failed to gain the support of the whole of the French States-General. Three days later the members signed the Tennis Court Oath. The Assembly was accepted by Louis XVI the following month, having added “Constituent” to its title. -
Tennis Court Oath
On June 20, 1789, the Tennis Court Oath was taken. There, the men of the National Assembly swore an oath never to stop meeting until a constitution had been established. -
Louis XVI
King Louis XVI (1754-1793) tried to reform France's government and economy, but was unable to prevent the French Revolution. He was executed by guillotine in 1793. He Called the Estates-General in 1789 to address the budget crisis, and ried to change France's foreign, economic, and religious policies -
Storming of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille, a prison symbolizing the king's power. The mob seized weapons and gunpowder, freed prisoners, and killed the prison's commander.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille -
Declaration of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, one of the basic charters of human liberties, containing the principles that inspired the French Revolution. Its 17 articles, adopted between August 20 and August 26, 1789, by France's National Assembly, served as the preamble to the Constitution of 1791 -
Declaration of man
Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good. The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Man. These rights are Liberty, Property, Safety and Resistance to Oppression. -
Womens March on Verailles
Concerned over the high price and scarcity of bread, women from the marketplaces of Paris led the March on Versailles on October 5, 1789. This became one of the most significant events of the French Revolution, eventually forcing the royals to return to Paris. -
Marie Antioniette
Marie Antoinette's ambiguous attitude at the outbreak of the French Revolution – she seemed uncertain whether to run away or seek reconciliation – accelerated her tragic demise. She was imprisoned in the Temple on 10 August 1792, then moved to the Conciergerie shortly after the execution of the King in 1793. Marie Antoinette's actions during the French Revolution included supporting the monarchy, opposing reforms, and contributing to the country's financial crisis. -
Execution of Louis XVI
After voting unanimously to find the King guilty, the deputies held a separate vote on his punishment. By a single vote, Louis was sentenced to death, "within twenty–four hours." Thus, on 21 January 1793, Louis Capet, formerly King of France was beheaded by the guillotine. -
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, or simply the Terror (la Terreur), was a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution (1789-99), which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects' between September 1793 and July 1794. -
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, or simply the Terror (la Terreur), was a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution (1789-99), which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects' between September 1793 and July 1794 -
Thermidorian Reaction
Was a political coup marked the end of the Reign of Terror, led by the overthrow and execution of Maximilien Robespierre and his radical Jacobin followers, resulting in a shift towards more moderate political policies and the suppression of the revolutionary left through violence, including the dispersal of the sans-culottes and the disbanding of the Jacobin Club on the revolutionary calendar when the coup took place. -
Egyptian Campagin
From 1798 to 1801, an Anglo-Ottoman alliance competed with the French for control of Egypt. Their victory resulted in French troops withdrawing from the region and also helped safeguard Britain's possessions on the Indian subcontinent. -
Battle of Asteriltz
The Battle of Austerlitz was a decisive victory for Napoleon's French army over the Russian and Austrian armies on December 2, 1805. The battle took place in Moravia, which is now part of the Czech Republic. -
Battle of Jena-Austedt
The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, both fought on 14 October 1806, marked a major turning point in the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). It saw the French Grande Armée, led by Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) soundly defeat the Prussian army of King Frederick William III (r. 1797-1840). -
Penninsula War
Between 1808 and 1814, the British Army fought a war in the Iberian Peninsula against the invading forces of Napoleon's France. Aided by their Spanish and Portuguese allies, the British held off superior French numbers before winning a series of victories and driving them out. -
Battle of Leipzig
The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon I. -
Execution of Maximilion
On July 27, 1794, Robespierre and a number of his followers were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris. The next day Robespierre and 21 of his followers were taken to the Place de la Révolution (now the Place de la Concorde), where they were executed by guillotine before a cheering crowd.