history 8.1-11.3

Eastern Roman Empire

Period: 330 to 1453

Contains Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, and Constantinople. Also known as the Byzantine Empire. The Eastern Orthodox Church was the Christian church of the Byzantine Empire, led by the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Grand Canal

468

Connected the Huang He (Yellow River) and Chang Jiang (Yangtze River); boosted trade during the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Justinian

Period: 483 to 565

Eastern Roman Emperor -- wanted to reestablish Roman Empire in the Mediterranean world

The Body of Civil Law

Period: 529 to 534

Justinian's code of law --> basis for imperial law in the Eastern Roman Empire + foundation of European legal systems

Hagia Sophia

537

Church of Holy Wisdom; one of Justinian's greatest achievements. Converted to a mosque in 1452 when Mehmed I took over Constantinople

Tang Dynasty

Period: 618 to 907

Instituted reforms; gave peasants land to create a more stable economy. Additionally restored civil service examinations to recruit officials for civilian bureaucracy, testing knowledge of Confucian principles. One out of five students passed. Borders were expanded to Tibet. Capital was the world's wealthiest city at the time, Chang'an (modern day Xi'an)

Wu Zhao

Period: 624 to 705

First and only Chinese empress during the Tang Dynasty, ruled for 50 years

Song Dynasty

Period: 960 to 1279

Chinese dynasty - would receive threats from Northern neighbors --> forced Song rulers to move the imperial court and capital to Hangzhou (praised by Marco Polo), along the coast South of Chang Jiang. This caused the Song to lose control of Tibet.

Khajuraho

Period: 1000 to 1300

Important Hindu temple and religious center, with only 20 out of the original 80 temples remaining today. One of the greatest examples of Hindu art in temples. Khajuraho's stone walls gave all temples a sense of unity, and created a similar connection to Kailas in the Himalayas, a sacred place to Hindus.

Pope Urban II

Period: 1035 to 1099

Initiated the First Crusade, helping Alexius against Turks. Rallied European warriors to free Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Palestine) from the infidels/unbelievers of Muslim. Called for the Council of Clermont in 1095, which took place in Southern France, encouraging Christians to join in a holy war using their weapons.

Christian Schism

1054

Started when the pope and Byzantine patriarch formally took away each other's rights of church membership. Caused a separation between the two Christian branches (Roman Catholic + Eastern Orthodox)

Battle of Manzikert

1071

Battle between Byzantine forces and Seljuk Turks after the Seljuk Turks threatened the Byzantine Empire

Crusades

Period: 1096 to 1291

European Christians carrying out a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from Muslims. Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked the Europeans for help against the Seljuk Turks

Saladin

Period: 1137 to 1193

Muslim ruler of Jerusalem in 1187. Made a settlement with English King Richard I that permitted Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.

Genghis Khan (Temujin)

Period: 1162 to 1227

Elected as "Genghis Khan" during a meeting in Gobi in 1206, setting out for conquests as the Mongolian emperor. Established Karakorum as the capital of the Mongol Empire. After his death, Khanates were the chunks of territory, with each chunk being owned by one of his sons.

Huitzilopochtli

1200

God of war and sun - particularly important to Aztec warriors while expanding control over neighboring peoples. Was the one who informed Aztecs of their arrival if they saw an eagle perched on a cactus growing out of a rock.

Ometeotl

1200

Supreme god, representing all powerful forces of the heavens

Quetzalcoatl

1200

God of learning and culture. Took on different forms (wind, feathered serpent). Quetzal in Aztec/Toltec language = name of a green feathered bird. Coatl in Aztec/Toltec language = serpent. Left his homeland in the Valley of Mexico in the 10th century, promising to return in triumph. Aztecs believed the sight of Spanish explorers in the 1500s was a representative of Quetzalcoatl.

Sultanate of Delhi

1200

Muslim state created in 1200 that covered Northern India. Created by Mahmud and his successors. Because of the Rajputs (Hindu warriors that led resistance against advances of Mahmud into Northern India), Muslim power reached over the plain of North India.

Aztec Civilization

Period: 1200 to 1521

Sometime during the 12th century A.D., Aztecs began a long migration to the Valley of Mexico, establishing their capital at Tenochtitlán in 1325 A.D.(modern Mexico City). It was built because of an eagle standing on a prickly pear cactus. Mexico City is currently the 3rd biggest city in the world by population (bigger than London, Paris, and every European city except Constantinople). Markets sold honey, wax and tortillas. Children fended for themselves. Aztec is one of the fastest growing state

Kublai Khan

Period: 1215 to 1294

Genghis Khan's grandson. In 1279, Kublai completed conquest of the Song and established a new Chinese dynasty called the Yuan Dynasty. Xanadu --> river that ran for Kublai. Karakorum --> Kublai's capital. However, Khan's government was disliked due to making his residents seem like slaves (oppressive gov).

Pope Boniface VIII

Period: 1235 to 1303

Opposed King Philip's idea of taxing the clergy, with Boniface stating the clergy belonged to God and the pope. Boniface threatened to excommunicate Philip, but instead got kidnapped by him for a trial. Died shortly after the trauma/escaping.

Marco Polo

Period: 1254 to 1324

Italian merchant who praised Hangzhou (Song capital) as one of the most prosperous and colossal cities in the world at the time.

King Philip IV

Period: 1268 to 1314

Claimed the right to tax the clergy. Boniface opposed, so Philip kidnapped him. Boniface's death influenced the election of a French pope, Clement IV.

Yuan Dynasty

Period: 1279 to 1368

Dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Subempire of the Mongol Empire, including most of present-day China. Capital was Khanbaliq, which is currently Beijing.

Little Ice Age

Period: 1300 to 1325

World dropped in temperature, affecting trade. Baltic Sea and North Sea were completely frozen (decrease in trade). People were rumored to have been eating their deceased. Unusual precipitation occurred.

Avignon Papacy

Period: 1305 to 1377

Period when the pope resided in Avignon, France, rather than Rome.

Pope Clement V

Period: 1305 to 1314

Became a French Pope in 1305 as a result of the election run by King Philip IV, residing in Avignon. However, Clement moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon, igniting conflict & the Papal Court. Petrarch referred to the papacy as "worthless parchments". He also believes that Avignon popes are like poor fishermen, listening to liars and being sinful. He additionally compares the Rhone River to the river of Hades (aggressive)

Timur Lenk (Tamerlane)

Period: 1336 to 1405

Ruler of Mongol state in Samarqand (north of Pamirs), seizing power in 1369. Launched a program of conquest, but died before it could begin (empire collapsed shortly after death) During the 1380s, Tamerlane placed the entire region east of the Caspian Sea under his authority.

Hundred Years' War

Period: 1337 to 1434

Goal --> establishing boundaries around England and France. Important turning point in the nature of warfare. England took over duchy of Gascony in France, but France wanted it - so King Philip VI of France seized duchy in 1337, causing King Edward III declaring war on Philip. This gave France a strong national feeling, but still leaving them exhausted.

Battle of Crecy

1346

First major battle of the Hundred Years' War. French was devasted by the English army, since they had the better weapons (archery) yet not enough resources to conquer all of France. The French relied on lords, but did not establish their national army.

Black Death

Period: 1347 to 1352

Bubonic plague killing over one-third (70 million people) of Europe. The Black Death spread through trade routes, and was believed to have been from black rats infested with fleas that carried a deadly bacterium. Jews were blamed for this (scapegoat & anti-semitism --> severe persecution in the 1340s). Trade, land and food decreased due to low population (wages went up). Famine arose as well, which forced men and women to eat their children.

The Great Schism

Period: 1348 to 1417

Division in the Catholic Church between a Roman pope and a French pope in Avignon. Impacted Christian church due to both popes calling each other the "Antipope", decreasing people's faith in the papacy.

John Hus

Period: 1372 to 1415

Czech protestor who was burned at the stake for heresy after calling for an end to the church's corruption.

Second Great Schism

Period: 1378 to 1417

Consisted of two rival popes, with each calling each other the antipope. This caused division and lack of faith between the church, but ended after the Council of Constance.

Joan of Arc

Period: 1412 to 1431

Inspired French armies during the Hundred Years' War, but was then kidnapped by the England army and executed for witchcraft due to her visions. Deeply religious 17 year old, with prosperous parents.

Council of Constance

Period: 1414 to 1418

Church council located in Constance, Switzerland, ending the schism in 1417. Accused John Hus (protested Catholic church abusive power and corruption, burned at stake in 1415) of heresy, and forced competing popes to resign, then elected a new pope that was acceptable to all.

Battle of Agincourt

1415

Major victory for the English (King Henry V), since England controlled a big chunk of Northern France.

Pachacuti

Period: 1418 to 1471

Leader of Inca in the 1440s. Divided Inca into four quarters, with each ruled by a governor to make a well-organized empire.

Machu Picchu

Period: 1420 to 1530

Inca's abandoned city, being 8,000 feet up on a loft hilltop surrounded by mountain peaks like the Urubamba River. Sun festivals would be held here to worship Inti, the sun god. Had a long stairway leading to an elegant stone, "hitching post of the sun", that could be used as a solar observatory.

Inca Civilization

Period: 1428 to 1533

Destroyed the kingdom of Chimor in 1470. Late 1300s - Inca was only a small community in Cuzco, southern Peru (Cuzco amazed early European visitors). Under Pachacuti's leadership, Inca (meaning ruler) launched a campaign of conquest. Built on war, all young men were required to serve in the Inca army. Men and women could only marry within social groups, women were expected to care for children after marriage. Had traditions of theatre and poetry, with no writing system.

Battle of Orleans

1429

French armies, inspired by Joan's faith, seized Orleans. Turning point of the Hundred Years' War. First main victory by the French, since they had they better canon/gunpowder weapons.

Hapburgs

1438

Position of the Holy Roman emperor --> held by the Hapsburg dynasty after 1438, being one of the wealthiest landholders in the empire.

Ivan III (the Terrible)

Period: 1440 to 1505

Russian prince who established a Russian state, annexing other Russian territories. Freed Russia from Mongol rule. After Ivan married niece of Byzantine Emperor, the Byzantine Church was moved to Constantinople.

Isabelle of Castile

Period: 1451 to 1504

Queen who married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, unifying Spain and expelling Jews

Ferdinand of Aragon

Period: 1452 to 1516

King who married Isabelle of Castile in 1469, unifying Spain and expelling Jews. Believed religious unity was needed for political unity. Encouraged to convert to Catholicism.