history 8.1-11.3

By craylaz
  • Period: 330 to 1453

    Eastern Roman Empire

    Contains Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, and Constantinople. Also known as the Byzantine Empire. The Eastern Orthodox Church was the Christian church of the Byzantine Empire, led by the Patriarch of Constantinople.
  • 468

    Grand Canal

    Connected the Huang He (Yellow River) and Chang Jiang (Yangtze River); boosted trade during the Sui and Tang dynasties.
  • Period: 483 to 565

    Justinian

    Eastern Roman Emperor -- wanted to reestablish Roman Empire in the Mediterranean world
  • Period: 529 to 534

    The Body of Civil Law

    Justinian's code of law --> basis for imperial law in the Eastern Roman Empire + foundation of European legal systems
  • 537

    Hagia Sophia

    Church of Holy Wisdom; one of Justinian's greatest achievements. Converted to a mosque in 1452 when Mehmed I took over Constantinople
  • Period: 618 to 907

    Tang Dynasty

    Instituted reforms; gave peasants land to create a more stable economy. Additionally restored civil service examinations to recruit officials for civilian bureaucracy, testing knowledge of Confucian principles. One out of five students passed. Borders were expanded to Tibet. Capital was the world's wealthiest city at the time, Chang'an (modern day Xi'an)
  • Period: 624 to 705

    Wu Zhao

    First and only Chinese empress during the Tang Dynasty, ruled for 50 years
  • Period: 960 to 1279

    Song Dynasty

    Chinese dynasty - would receive threats from Northern neighbors --> forced Song rulers to move the imperial court and capital to Hangzhou (praised by Marco Polo), along the coast South of Chang Jiang. This caused the Song to lose control of Tibet.
  • Period: 1000 to 1300

    Khajuraho

    Important Hindu temple and religious center, with only 20 out of the original 80 temples remaining today. One of the greatest examples of Hindu art in temples. Khajuraho's stone walls gave all temples a sense of unity, and created a similar connection to Kailas in the Himalayas, a sacred place to Hindus.
  • Period: 1035 to 1099

    Pope Urban II

    Initiated the First Crusade, helping Alexius against Turks. Rallied European warriors to free Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Palestine) from the infidels/unbelievers of Muslim. Called for the Council of Clermont in 1095, which took place in Southern France, encouraging Christians to join in a holy war using their weapons.
  • 1054

    Christian Schism

    Started when the pope and Byzantine patriarch formally took away each other's rights of church membership. Caused a separation between the two Christian branches (Roman Catholic + Eastern Orthodox)
  • 1071

    Battle of Manzikert

    Battle between Byzantine forces and Seljuk Turks after the Seljuk Turks threatened the Byzantine Empire
  • Period: 1096 to 1291

    Crusades

    European Christians carrying out a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from Muslims. Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked the Europeans for help against the Seljuk Turks
  • Period: 1137 to 1193

    Saladin

    Muslim ruler of Jerusalem in 1187. Made a settlement with English King Richard I that permitted Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.
  • Period: 1162 to 1227

    Genghis Khan (Temujin)

    Elected as "Genghis Khan" during a meeting in Gobi in 1206, setting out for conquests as the Mongolian emperor. Established Karakorum as the capital of the Mongol Empire. After his death, Khanates were the chunks of territory, with each chunk being owned by one of his sons.
  • 1200

    Sultanate of Delhi

    Muslim state created in 1200 that covered Northern India. Created by Mahmud and his successors. Because of the Rajputs (Hindu warriors that led resistance against advances of Mahmud into Northern India), Muslim power reached over the plain of North India.
  • Period: 1215 to 1294

    Kublai Khan

    Genghis Khan's grandson. In 1279, Kublai completed conquest of the Song and established a new Chinese dynasty called the Yuan Dynasty.
  • Period: 1235 to 1303

    Pope Boniface VIII

    Opposed King Philip's idea of taxing the clergy, with Boniface stating the clergy belonged to God and the pope. Boniface threatened to excommunicate Philip, but instead got kidnapped by him for a trial. Died shortly after the trauma/escaping.
  • Period: 1254 to 1324

    Marco Polo

    Italian merchant who praised Hangzhou (Song capital) as one of the most prosperous and colossal cities in the world at the time.
  • Period: 1268 to 1314

    King Philip IV

    Claimed the right to tax the clergy. Boniface opposed, so Philip kidnapped him. Boniface's death influenced the election of a French pope, Clement IV.
  • Period: 1279 to 1368

    Yuan Dynasty

    Dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Subempire of the Mongol Empire, including most of present-day China. Capital was Khanbaliq, which is currently Beijing.
  • Period: 1300 to 1325

    Little Ice Age

    World dropped in temperature, affecting trade. Baltic Sea and North Sea were completely frozen (decrease in trade). People were rumored to have been eating their deceased. Unusual precipitation occurred.
  • Period: 1305 to 1377

    Avignon Papacy

    Period when the pope resided in Avignon, France, rather than Rome.
  • Period: 1305 to 1314

    Pope Clement V

    Became a French Pope in 1305 as a result of the election run by King Philip IV, residing in Avignon. However, Clement moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon, igniting conflict & the Papal Court. Petrarch referred to the papacy as "worthless parchments". He also believes that Avignon popes are like poor fishermen, listening to liars and being sinful. He additionally compares the Rhone River to the river of Hades (aggressive)
  • Period: 1336 to 1405

    Timur Lenk (Tamerlane)

    Ruler of Mongol state in Samarqand (north of Pamirs), seizing power in 1369. Launched a program of conquest, but died before it could begin (empire collapsed shortly after death) During the 1380s, Tamerlane placed the entire region east of the Caspian Sea under his authority.
  • Period: 1347 to 1352

    Black Death

    Bubonic plague killing over one-third (70 million people) of Europe. The Black Death spread through trade routes, and was believed to have been from black rats infested with fleas that carried a deadly bacterium. Jews were blamed for this (scapegoat & anti-semitism --> severe persecution in the 1340s). Trade, land and food decreased due to low population (wages went up). Famine arose as well, which forced men and women to eat their children.
  • Period: 1348 to 1417

    The Great Schism

    Division in the Catholic Church between a Roman pope and a French pope in Avignon. Impacted Christian church due to both popes calling each other the "Antipope", decreasing people's faith in the papacy.
  • Period: 1372 to 1415

    John Hus

    Czech protestor who was burned at the stake for heresy after calling for an end to the church's corruption.
  • Period: 1378 to 1417

    Second Great Schism

    Consisted of two rival popes, with each calling each other the antipope. This caused division and lack of faith between the church, but ended after the Council of Constance.
  • Period: 1414 to 1418

    Council of Constance

    Church council located in Constance, Switzerland, ending the schism in 1417. Accused John Hus (protested Catholic church abusive power and corruption, burned at stake in 1415) of heresy, and forced competing popes to resign, then elected a new pope that was acceptable to all.