-
ENCYCLOPÉDIE
Was published between 1751 and 1772. Its aim was to bring knowledge and also wanted to present some critical ideas from Enlightenment philosophers.It has got to a lot of science and literature ideas, and this helped spread knowledge among an educated public. -
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINNING
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1760 and spread across Europe and North America over the next 100 years. The new industry, wich was based on the mechanisation of production, technical innovations and new ways of working, introduced capitalism as an economic system and transformed society. Two new social classes were introduced: the bourgeoisie, who had capital to invest, and the proletarial, who worked in the factories. -
WATT'S SETAM ENGINE
In 1764 James Watt was asked to repair a Newcomen steam engine. While repairing the machine, he realised that it was inefficient because of the amount of steam it wasted, so he started to look for ways to improve it. He therefore created a much more efficient machine, wich used the power from steam to generate continuous movement, wich was tranferred to machinery. This machine became the driving force behind industry and transport. -
INDEPENDENCE OF THE US
In the 18th century, Great Britain invaded North America. The American colonist were unhappy with Britain so imposing commercial monopoly and taxes so this caused a rebellion. In this rebellion 13 colonies of North America drafted the Unated States Declaration of Independence ( 4 July 1776). In 1783 finally Britain reconsigned the colonies independence and George Washington became the first president of the United States. -
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Constitutional monarchy, the moderate bourgeoisie made France a constitutional monarchy to aprove the Declaration of Rights,drew up a constitution,formed a Legislative Assembly..but the first state was against,so Austrian army invaded France.Social Republic,was declarated,the leaders were Girondins and Jacobins,they imposed some social laws, but people opposed the dictatorial governament.Conservate Republic,the Jacobin laws were cancelled, it was a political inestability,a war and a crisis. -
NAPOLEON EMPIRE
Napoelon was named consul, and aspiered to implement moderate ideologies of the French Revolution, end political inestability and promote economy reovery throught authoritarian rule. He defeated most European monarchies and France controlled most of Europe. Napoleon caused strong ante-French sentimeent, the indiscriminate violence, the supression of manorial rights... He was defeated in Waterloo by Great Britain and Prussia. -
SPANISH - AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
The spread of principles of freedom and equality of the french revolution, the discontent of the criollo bourgeoisie, the weak spanish monarchy, most administrative posts in the colonies being given to the spanish and not to the criollos and the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, led to the Spanish - American independence in (1808-1826). -
THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Angered by the French occupation, a popular revolt began in Madrid on 2 May 1808. It spread rapidly across the counry and started the War of Independence. In December 1813 , the French signed the Treaty of Valencay. They withdrew from Spain and returned the crown to Ferdinand VII. -
LUDDISM
A popular movement emerged in England in 1811, led by artisans who protested against the growing use of machines in the productive process.
From its historical origin, the term of Luddism has been used to describe the ideology of people opposed to the use of technology. -
THE CONSTITUTION OF CÁDIZ
During the Joseph I reing, some members of the local juntas met in thr Cortes of Cádiz, a city that was not occupied by the French, to draft a Constitution. The 19th of March on 1812, the Constitution kwon as " La Pepa " was approved. -
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
The Congress of Vienna wanted to stop the spread of liberal ideas and restore absolutism in Europe ( stop Napoleons empire and reconstitute teh European political orden). The Congress of Vienna establishes the ideological principles of Restoration(right of intervention, denial of national sovereignty...) but they did not respect the liberal principles and nationalist aspirations. -
FERDINAND VII
Ferdinand VII was a king that returned to Spain in 1814 to re-establish the absolutism. His reing has three phases:
-Six years of absolutism (1814-1820)
- The liberal triennium ( 1821- 1823)
- The Ominuous Decade (1823-1833)
In this last period he died, but before he die he create the Prasmatic Sanction to repeal the Salic law because thanks to that Isabella II ( his daughter ) could inherit the throne. The absolutists didn´t want her as their queen, the want Charles (the king´s brother). -
1820 REVOLUTION
The Revolutions of 1820 are the beginning of the definitive fragmentation of absolutism and the Ancien Régime in Europe.They were nationalist movements based on the attainment of a liberal state, without depending on a king who concentrated all absolute power. -
THE LIBERAL TRIENNIUM
This was a period of Ferdinand VII reing, in this triennium Rafael del Riego pronunciamiento and the National Militia forced tthe king to reinstate the 1812 Constitution. The king felt intimidated o he called other absolute monarchs in Europe to defend Spain, this union was called the Holly Alliance. This Alliance sent The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis that restored absolutism in Spain. -
FIRST TRADE UNIONS
The free exchange of goods between states was thought to boost trade, production and business competitiveness. Great Britain was pioneer of the Industrial Revolution so was in favour of free trade. To avoid competition from Britain, European and USA countries applied protectionist measures. -
STEPHENSON'S LOCOMOTIVE
The steam locomotive ( Stephenson locomotive ), wich used a steam engine to generate continuous motion of the wheels. This new transport system could carry more passengers and goods in less time and a lower cost. This improvement boosted trade and helped create a large domestic market. -
1830 REVOLUTION
This was a revolution caused by the liberalist and the nacionalist to ended the restoration of the absolutism that the Congress of Vienna imposed since 1815. The movement begun in France when CharlesX was overthrown and Louis Philippe I became the new constitutional monarch. Thanks to this and 1848 revolutions absolutism was replaced by liberal political systems governed by a constitution in wich the bourgeoisie held power. -
ISABELLA II
Isabella II was Ferdinand VII daughter. When she had three years old her father die so she had two regents : Maria Christina ( her mother) and General Espartero. She was declared queen in 1843. Her reing was a moderate governament but in 1854 the Vicávaro pronunciamiento brought the progressive liberals to power. A new crisis in this governament made Isabella II put in governament the Liberal Union. A new crisis start and in Soetember of 1868 , the Battle of Alcolea forced the queen into exile. -
COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, was first published in 1848. It formed the basis for the modern communist movement as we know it, arguing that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, to be replaced by socialism and ultimately communism. The Manifesto was written at a time of unprecedented industrial and social change. Newly industrialised cities were expanding, with large proportions of the population moving from the countryside to urban areas to find work. -
1848 REVOLUTIONS
The revolutions of 1848 (the Spring of Nations) showed how countries wanted to pursue the idea of nationalism and the creation of new liberal governments. In the Austrian Empire the revolts were liberal in character and forced the chancellor to resign. In France was proclaimed the Secon Republic, who adopted some democratic measures, such as universal male sufrage... These revolutions were significant because they represented democratic ideals and the political importance to workers. -
FIRST INTERNATIONAL
On 28 September 1864, the working-class movement took a step forward with the fundation of the International Working Men’s Association. A meeting at the St Martin’s Hall in London brought together radical and socialist delegates from around Europe, to set up the organisation which would become known as “The First International”. The initiative for the meeting came from the working-class movements in England and France, including the London Trades Council. -
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Italy was divided into several states, but in 1859 the liberal monarchy started a unification process. They declared war to Austria and annexed Lombardy, and finally in 1866 Austria left Venetia and the Papal States were annexed by Italy. The newly unified state established its capital in Rome. -
GERMAN UNIFICATION
In 1834 Prussia united the majority of Germanic states. In 1861, the first moves towards a united Germany were made as Wilhelm I became king of Prussia. Prussia declared war ot Denmark, Austria and France, and was victorious in all three wars making the unification of Germany possible in 1871. -
I REPUBLIC
When Amadeo I abdicated, the Cortes voted to form a republic. The 1873 elections were won by federal republicans and the republic had four presidents (Figueras, Pi y Margall, Salmerón and Castelar) but some problems like the divison of republicans, the Cuban insurrection, a new Carlist war.. le to the dissolving of the Cortes in 1874. -
THE BOURBON RESTORATION
This restoration start in 1874 when General Martínez Campos declared Alfonso XII king of Spain. The Constitution of 1876 was created a moderate Constitution. Two parties alternated in power using a system called the " turno pacífico " The Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. During the regency of Maria Christina the alternated power was consolidated trought the Pacrt of Pardo. In the new centralised state, national movement began to emerge in Catalonia, Basque Country and Galicia. -
BLOODY SUNDAY
On 22 January 1905, Father Gapon led a march to deliver a petition to the Tsar. Thousands of workers took part in this peaceful protest. This demonstration of factory workers was brutally put down by Russian soldiers. Up to 200 people were killed by rifle fire and Cossack charges. This event became known as Bloody Sunday and is seen as one of the key causes of the 1905 Revolution.The revolution failed but it served as a serious warning of what might happen in the future. -
BALKAN WARS
The Ottoman empire, that ruled on the Balkans, was collapsing. So Austro-Hungarian Empire was palining to gain power over the Balkans. But Serbia and Russia also wanted to increase their influence there. The annexation os Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary led to the Balkan wars. Serbia and Russia allied and won. So Serbia looked for Germany´s support. -
FIRST WOLD WAR
The First World War,also called Great War because of the involvement of all the population, was an international conflict that faced most of the nations of Europe and other regions. The war was between the Central Powers, mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, against the Allies, mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers and the sign of some treaties that changed all the European map. -
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
On 23 February 1917, there was a revolution in Petrograd wich led the tsar to abdicate and a republic was proclaimed with a provisional government. This governmet was dominated by the bourgeois parties and iniciated a serie of reforms with the promise of make Russia a parlamentary monarchy. But they didn´t want to withdrew from thw war so the popular discontent grew and the Soviets demand the dismissal of the govenment. So a duality of powers emerged that challenged the provisional govenment. -
OCTOBER REVOLUTION
The october revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power. Lenin ( the Bolsheviks leader) returned to Russia and wanted to establish a government of worker and peasant Soviets and to sign a peace treaty with Germany. The Bolsheviks and the Soviets started a revolution that spread quikly to Moscow and industrial regions. In November 1917, elections were held for the Constituent Assembly, covened the provisional govenment. Finally in 1918 Russia signed the Brest- Litovski Treaty with Germany. -
TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
This was a treaty signed in 1918 by Russian empire with Germany after the Bolshevik Revolution to withdrew from the war. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
It was a Treaty compulsory signed by Germans in Paris that declared them the guiltys of the war and forced them to pay a lot of money for it. It also took away Germany´s colonial empire between France and Britain ande reduced its army and navy to minimun. Part of its territory was divided between victors. The Germans considered this a humiliation, wich increased their desire for a future revenge. -
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
The League of Nations was one of the fourteen Wilson´s suggestions. It was created to guarantee peace and cooperation between states. However, the project failed because Germany and the USSR were initially excluded, and the United States serenate voted to not join. -
SECOND WORLD WAR
The Second World War was an ideological and political war between the fascists, the republicans and the capitalists around the world. The main country involved was Germany with Hitler's empire that invaded Poland, France, Luxembourg, Finland, the Baltic countries, Greece...
A vast number of human resources were also movilised: around 50 millions soldiers among the main armies alone and almost 100 millions including all typesof troops, police, militias... -
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
In June 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa and attacked the URSS, quickly reaching the gates of Moscow and Leningrad. This was an extremely significant event as, in response, the USSR joined the Allied forces in the battle against the Axis powers. -
ATACK ON PEARL HARBOUR
In December of 1941, Japan destroyed the US fleet in Pearl Harbour and the US entered the war. -
UNITED NATIONS
Was an international peacekeeping organization and a forum for resolving conflicts between nations. It was created at the end of the Second World War in the second conference of Yalta. -
ATOMIC BOMB ON HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
To force Japan to surrender, US send an atomic bomb in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. -
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.