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1420
Florence Cathedral's dome, by Brunelleschi
Brunelleschi's dome in Florence is the roof of the transept of the Cathedral of Santa Maria. It was the largest dome in the world after the fall of the Roman Empire and is still considered the largest ever built. It was conceived, designed and built by Filippo Brunelleschi, who initiated the Italian and Florentine Renaissance with this work. It is considered one of the most important constructions built in Europe since Roman times -
Period: 1490 to 1520
Renaissance
The renaissance is an European historical period that spanned the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of classical antiquity. Associated with major social changes in most fields and disciplines, such as art, architecture, politics, literature and science, the Renaissance occurred first in the Florentine Republic, then in the rest of Italy and later throughout Europe -
1498
Pietá,by Michelangelo Buonarroti
This is a Carrara marble sculpture depicting Jesus and Mary on Mount Golgotha. The sculpture depicts the moment when the Virgin Mary holds her son Jesus after he is taken down from the cross; another theory suggests that Michelangelo's work was influenced by his passion for Dante's Divine Comedy.
It is located in St. Peter's Basilica -
1509
The school of Athens, by Raphael Sanzio
The painting is notable for its use of precise perspective projection, a defining characteristic of Renaissance art, which Raphael learned from Leonardo. The School of Athens is considered one of Raphael's best-known works and has been described as his "masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the Renaissance." -
Period: 1520 to 1521
The revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla
The War of the Communities of Castile, or the revolt of the comuneros, took place during the reign of Charles I, between 1520-1522. It was an armed uprising led by the so-called comuneros of the cities of the Castilian interior, with Toledo and Valladolid at the head of the uprising. -
1558
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by Alonso de Guzmán.
Its purpose was to restore Catholicism in England, end support for the Dutch Republic, and prevent attacks by English and Dutch privateers on Spanish interests in America.
At midnight, the English launched eight fire ships against the Spanish fleet, forcing the Spanish ships to cut anchor and remain at sea to avoid catching fire. -
Period: 1568 to
The Eighty Years War
The Eighty Years' War was a war between the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands and their sovereign, Philip II of Spain. The rebellion against the monarchy began in 1568, during the reign of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands, and ended in 1648 with the recognition of the independence of the seven United Provinces, today known as the Netherlands.
The countries now known as Belgium and Luxembourg were part of the Seventeen Provinces, but remained loyal to the Crown. -
Period: 1568 to 1571
The rebelion of the Alpujarras
The Alpujarras rebellion was a conflict that took place in Spain between 1568 and 1571 during the reign of Philip II. The large Morisco population of the Kingdom of Granada rose up in arms in protest against the Pragmatic Sanction of 1567. Philip II was appalled by the massacres of priests carried out by the rebels. In addition to the deaths and expulsions, thousands of people were sold into slavery within Spain. -
Period: to
Baroque art
The Baroque was a period of Western culture that originated as a new way of conceiving art and that, based on different historical-cultural contexts, produced works in numerous artistic fields. It manifested itself mainly in Western Europe. It spanned the entire 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century. It is usually placed in an era characterized by religious disputes between Catholic and Protestant countries, where an emerging bourgeoisie began to lay the foundations of capitalism. -
Apollo and Daphne, by Bernini
This is a marble sculpture made by Bernini between 1622 and 1625. It is on display at the Borghese Gallery.
The myth says that Apollo mocked Eros. Annoyed by Apollo's arrogance, he took revenge by shooting an arrow at him and Daphne, causing one to fall in love and the other to reject him.Apollo saw Daphne one day and fell madly in love with her and followed her. But Daphne, who suffers the opposite, ran away. Daphne ran until tired she asked her parents for help who transformed her into a tree. -
Saint Peter's square project by Bernini
St. Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. The square and basilica are named after Saint Peter, an apostle of Jesus whom Catholics consider the first Pope.
At the center of the square is the Vatican Obelisk, an ancient Egyptian obelisk erected on the present site in 1586. Bernini designed the square nearly 100 years later, including the massive columns, four columns deep, that welcome visitors into "the maternal arms of Mother Church." -
The spinner's, by Velázquez
This is a painting by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez, housed in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, Spain. Also known as The Fable of Arane. Most scholars consider it to be a late work by the artist, dating to 1657–58. Velázquez describes The Spinners and Las Meninas as possibly Velázquez's "two great paintings": they are the two largest and most complicated compositions executed between 1640 and 1660, a period during which Velázquez primarily painted portraits of single figures. -
Period: to
Neoclasical art
The term neoclassicism emerged in the 18th century to refer to the aesthetic movement that reflected in the arts the intellectual principles of the Enlightenment, which had been taking place in philosophy since the mid-18th century and had been transmitted to all areas of culture. However, coinciding with the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte, Neoclassicism began to lose followers in favour of Romanticism. -
Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii is a work by Jacques-Louis David made in 1784, before the French Revolution. King Louis XVI of France allowed him to stay at the Louvre, an ancient privilege much desired by artists. There he met Pécoul, contractor of the royal buildings, and Pécoul's daughter, whom he married. The king commissioned him to paint the Oath of the Horatii, intending it to be an allegory about loyalty to the state and therefore to the monarch. -
Carlos IV of Spain and his family, by Francisco de Goya
The Family of Charles IV is a group portrait painted in 1800 by Francisco de Goya. It is kept in the Prado Museum. Goya began working on the sketches, of which the Prado conserves five, in the spring of 1800. He painted the final version between July 1800 and June 1801, sending the invoice in December 1801. It belonged to the private collections of the Royal Palace of Madrid, where it appears in the inventory of 1814.