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Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII's reign
▪ He was born in 1491, so he was only 17 years old when he became the king of England.
▪ He died in 1547, because he was ill
▪ He is one of the most famous and emblamtic king of England -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther written the Ninety-Five Theses
▪ Martin Luther was a german Monk.
▪ Indulgences were denounced, which led Martin to write the Ninety-Five Theses
▪ Thanks to the recently invented printing press the Ninety-Five Theses spread through Europe.
▪ So then, he nailed the devastating critique of the Indulgences to the door of the University in Wittenberg, but he was excommunicated in 1521 and declared a heretic
▪ According to Luther, salvation was free and one did not have to pay anything to obtain it. -
1522
Bible translated in German
▪ Martin Luther translated the Bible in German, while the New Testament was first published in 1522 and was widely disseminated. -
1526
The Tyndale Bible
The New Testament was translated into english by William Tyndale -
1529
Henry's Divorce rejected
▪ Henry VIII wanted to divorce with Catherine of Aragon. He had multiple reasons :
- His wife's failure to bear a son
- Her support of the Habsburgs when Henry wanted an alliance with France
- He was in love with Ann Boleyn !!
▪ Indeed, he gave official reasons to the Pope :
- His conscience
- According to him this marriage was doomed
- Catherine of Aragon had first been married to his brother Arthur (died in 1502)
▪ But the Pope rejected Henry's petition for a divorce. -
Period: 1532 to 1537
Series of Laws
▪ A whole body of legislation diminished the authority and powers of the Pope and the clergy and transferred powers to the king. -
1533
Act in restraint of Appeals
▪ While the Pope refused to annul Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon, this act gave the king the power ton annul marriages. -
Period: 1533 to
Early Modern Period
▪ Between the Middle Ages and the Late Modern Period
▪ = 16th century - 18th century
▪ The beginning of the industrial revolution -
May 28, 1533
Marriage + Act of succession
▪ Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn !!
▪ The Act of succession made Ann Boleyn a legitimate queen. -
Nov 3, 1534
Act of Supremacy
▪ Found the Anglican Church and made Herny VIII the Supreme Head of the Church.
▪ When the schism happened !! -
1536
Act of Union of the England Kingdom
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Period: 1536 to 1541
Monasteries disbanded
▪ The monasteries were disbanded and the crown apprpriated their income and land.
▪ Type of nationalism
CONSEQUENCES :
▪ Huge impact on nuns and monks who lived there
▪ Huge impact on the social fabric of commuities
▪ Huge impact on clergy's finances -
Period: 1536 to 1537
Pilgrimage of Grace
It were the rebellions that interrupted the dissolution process in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
-> These were the greatest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor Monarch.
▪ They lasted 6 months. They were against the dissolution of monasteries and the Reformation. -
Period: 1541 to 1563
Council of Trent
▪ The council of Trent held in the italian city of Trent => the symbol of Counter Reformation
▪ The Roman Catholic Church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the Church and harshly condemned protestant hereties
▪ The pope's hostility to the Elizabethan religious settlement was growing -> he instructed English Catholics not to attend Anglican Church services ▪ Then, he issued the papal bull. -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Edward VI's reign
▪ He was born in 1537. He was the son of Henry Tudor and Jane Seymour. He was only 9 years old when his father died, so when he also became the King of England.
▪ He was fiercely protestant.
▪ During his reign, a serie of measures pushed England towards Portestantism.
▪ Edward VI died in 1553 from tuberculosis, when he was 15 years old. -
1549
Book of Common Prayer
It was the revision of the mass-book -
Period: 1553 to 1558
Mary I's reign
▪ Mary Tudor became the first queen of England, at 37 years old
▪ Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
▪ She restored Catholicism in 18 months
▪ She was married to the very Catholic Philip II of Spain -> it made her ally with Spain in a war against France
She was called "Bloody Mary" because she killed over 200 persons (burnt alive) in 3 years (1555 to 1558)
▪ Protestants were forced to leave the country and fled to the continent => they were the "Marian Exiles" -
1558
Mary I's death
She died in 1558 while she became rather ill.
Before dying, Mary Tudor asked her half-sister Elizabeth I (that was protestant) to swear that she would carry on with the Catolic Reforms. Elizabeth I said that she would "follow God's will". -
Period: 1559 to 1571
New legislation by Queen Elizabeth I
She passed a new legislation :
▪ Act of Supremacy in 1559 =Church organisation
=> In other words, she restored the Act of Supremacy tha Henry VIII passed in 1533
▪ Act of Uniformity in 1559 = Religious belief
-> every parish had touse the Book of Common Prayer
-> People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined
▪ Doctrine, the 39 articles of faith
-> 3 important changes :
- a new conception of Church
- a new doctrine of Salvation (doctrine du salut)
- a new definition of sacraments -
1569
The Northern Rebellion
▪ Rebellion against religious reforms
▪ there were 6 000 insurgents
▪ An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary the Queen of Scots
▪ The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland -
Apr 27, 1570
Papal Bull
▪ The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth I
▪ There were many catholic plots against the Queen (almost giving Ctholics licence to kill her with the certainty that it xould not be seen as a crime)
=> it was the Catholics opposition
▪ The Papal Bull was a speech at first, told by the Pope Pius V. It was written on April 27, in 1570, in Rome, because of the protestant Reformation, the lost of power and the Pope's fear. -
1571
The 1571 Treasons Act
▪ In response to the Papal Bull, it made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth wasn't the true Queen of England and Walls. -
Period: 1577 to
Repression of Catholics
▪ 163 persons were killed during the repression, in 26 years
▪ if we do a comparaison : Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I almost killed the same number of people, but Mary Tudor killed over 200 persons in 3 years vompared to Elizabeth I that killed almost 200 persons but in 26 years -
1581
The 1581 Act - Repression of Catholics
▪ It was a repression against Catholics by Elizabeth.
▪ It provided for the death penalty for any perqon converting, or already converted to catholicism
▪ It was now forbidden to participate or celebate the Catholic mass
Anglican services were compulsory for everyone : £20/month fine -
The Babington Plot
▪ Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary Stuart and this group. -
The Execution of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
▪ Mary Stuart was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death.
▪ She was executed in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
BACKGROUND
▪ Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth. In retaliation, and to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain. As a result, Philip II attempted to invade England. => It was a complete defeat, England was victorious
REASONS FOR VICTORY
▪ A material advantage : a modern fleet of 800 ships was constructed ; new strategy by England ; used the Dutch strategy of incendiary ships
▪ A human advantage : efforts -
Elizabeth's Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
Challenges to the Queen's legitimacy : this problem was overcome thanks to the hge theorical efforts
▪ She had to find an image of monarchy that was adapted to a woman but at the same time would convey royal authority (patriarchal society)
▪ In her speeches she doesn't consider herself as an ordinary woman : a Virgin Queen, a Goddess + the use of masculine analogies. -> the two bodies theory (natural and political body)