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Period: 1509 to 1547
King Henry VIII's reign
▪ He was born in 1491, so he was only 17 years old when he became the king of England.
▪ He died in 1547, because he was ill.
▪ He is one of the most famous and emblamtic king of England. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther written the Ninety-Five Theses
▪ Martin Luther was a german Monk.
▪ Indulgences were denounced, which led Martin to write the Ninety-Five Theses
▪ Thanks to the recently invented printing press the Ninety-Five Theses spread through Europe.
▪ So then, he nailed the devastating critique of the Indulgences to the door of the University in Wittenberg, but he was excommunicated in 1521 and declared a heretic.
▪ According to Luther, salvation was free and one did not have to pay anything to obtain it. -
1522
Bible translated in German
▪ Martin Luther translated the Bible in German, while the New Testament was first published in 1522 and was widely disseminated. -
1526
The Tyndale Bible
The New Testament was translated into english by William Tyndale. -
1529
Henry's Divorce rejected
▪ Henry VIII wanted to divorce with Catherine of Aragon. He had multiple reasons :
- His wife's failure to bear a son
- Her support of the Habsburgs when Henry wanted an alliance with France
- He was in love with Ann Boleyn !!
▪ Indeed, he gave official reasons to the Pope :
- His conscience
- According to him this marriage was doomed
- Catherine of Aragon had first been married to his brother Arthur (died in 1502)
▪ But the Pope rejected Henry's petition for a divorce. -
Period: 1532 to 1537
Series of Laws
▪ A whole body of legislation diminished the authority and powers of the Pope and the clergy and transferred powers to the king. -
1533
Act in restraint of Appeals
▪ While the Pope refused to annul Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon, this act gave the king the power ton annul marriages. -
Period: 1533 to
Early Modern Period
▪ Between the Middle Ages and the Late Modern Period
▪ = 16th century - 18th century
▪ The beginning of the industrial revolution -
May 28, 1533
Marriage + Act of succession
▪ Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn !!
▪ The Act of Succession made Anne Boleyn a legitimate queen. -
Nov 3, 1534
Act of Supremacy
▪ Found the Anglican Church and made Herny VIII the Supreme Head of the Church.
▪ When the schism happened !! -
1536
Act of Union of the England Kingdom
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Period: 1536 to 1541
Monasteries disbanded
▪ The monasteries were disbanded and the crown apprpriated their income and land.
▪ Type of nationalism
CONSEQUENCES :
▪ Huge impact on nuns and monks who lived there
▪ Huge impact on the social fabric of commuities
▪ Huge impact on clergy's finances -
Period: 1536 to 1537
Pilgrimage of Grace
It were the rebellions that interrupted the dissolution process in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
-> These were the greatest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor Monarch.
▪ They lasted 6 months. They were against the dissolution of monasteries and the Reformation. -
Period: 1541 to 1563
Council of Trent
▪ The council of Trent held in the italian city of Trent => the symbol of Counter Reformation
▪ The Roman Catholic Church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the Church and harshly condemned protestant hereties
▪ The pope's hostility to the Elizabethan religious settlement was growing -> he instructed English Catholics not to attend Anglican Church services ▪ Then, he issued the papal bull. -
Period: 1547 to 1553
King Edward VI's reign
▪ He was born in 1537. He was the son of Henry Tudor and Jane Seymour. He was only 9 years old when his father died, so when he also became the King of England.
▪ He was fiercely protestant.
▪ During his reign, a serie of measures pushed England towards Portestantism.
▪ Edward VI died in 1553 from tuberculosis, when he was 15 years old. -
Jan 28, 1547
Henry VIII's death
Henry VIII died because he was ill. Edward VI, his son, succeeded him then. -
1549
Book of Common Prayer
It was the revision of the mass-book. -
Period: 1553 to 1558
Queen Mary I's reign
▪ Mary Tudor became the first queen of England, at 37 years old.
▪ Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
▪ She restored Catholicism in 18 months.
▪ She was married to the very Catholic Philip II of Spain - it made her ally with Spain in a war against France.
She was called "Bloody Mary" because she killed over 200 persons (burnt alive) in 3 years (1555 to 1558).
▪ Protestants were forced to leave the country and fled to the continent = they were the "Marian Exiles". -
1558
Mary I's death
She died in 1558 while she became rather ill.
Before dying, Mary Tudor asked her half-sister Elizabeth I (that was protestant) to swear that she would carry on with the Catolic Reforms. Elizabeth I said that she would "follow God's will". -
Period: Nov 17, 1558 to
Queen Elizabeth I’s reign
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1559
Love Affair with the 1st Earl of Leicester
Queen Elizabeth I had a love affair with Robert Dudley.
▪ The whole court thought it was going to lead to a wedding, but he was married at the time, his wife had a breast cancer.
▪ Yet, William Cecil didn't approve =he spread the nasty rumour that Robert wanted to poison his wife. When she was indeed found dead, Robert was suspected. Because of this huge scandal, the marriage was impossible. So Elizabeth I decided to never marry.
▪ She stayed single and said that she enjoyed her celibacy. -
Period: 1559 to 1571
New legislation by Queen Elizabeth I
She passed a new legislation :
▪ Act of Supremacy in 1559 =Church organisation
=> In other words, she restored the Act of Supremacy tha Henry VIII passed in 1533
▪ Act of Uniformity in 1559 = Religious belief
-> every parish had touse the Book of Common Prayer
-> People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined
▪ Doctrine, the 39 articles of faith
-> 3 important changes :
- a new conception of Church
- a new doctrine of Salvation (doctrine du salut)
- a new definition of sacraments -
1569
The Northern Rebellion
▪ Rebellion against religious reforms
▪ there were 6 000 insurgents
▪ An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary the Queen of Scots
▪ The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland -
Apr 27, 1570
Papal Bull
▪ The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth I
▪ There were many catholic plots against the Queen (almost giving Ctholics licence to kill her with the certainty that it xould not be seen as a crime)
= it was the Catholics opposition
▪ The Papal Bull was a speech at first, told by the Pope Pius V. It was written on April 27, in 1570, in Rome, because of the protestant Reformation, the lost of power and the Pope's fear. -
1571
The 1571 Treasons Act
▪ In response to the Papal Bull, it made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth wasn't the true Queen of England and Walls. -
Period: 1577 to
Repression of Catholics
▪ 163 persons were killed during the repression, in 26 years
▪ if we do a comparaison : Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I almost killed the same number of people, but Mary Tudor killed over 200 persons in 3 years vompared to Elizabeth I that killed almost 200 persons but in 26 years -
1581
The 1581 Act - Repression of Catholics
▪ It was a repression against Catholics by Elizabeth.
▪ It provided for the death penalty for any perqon converting, or already converted to catholicism
▪ It was now forbidden to participate or celebate the Catholic mass
Anglican services were compulsory for everyone : £20/month fine -
1581
The construction of the Elizabethan Myth
▪ For Elizabeth, royal portraits were a crucial means of propaganda.
▪ In 1581, rules were given to paint the Queen's portrait. Pointers needed to have undergone a 7 years training
▪ 1596 : as Elizabeth was growing older, portraits destroyed when judged offending to the Queen
▪ Important characteristics : Depicting the grandeur and power of the Queen ; Medieval taste for cryptic symbolism ; Royal Icon as a substitute to religious paintings -
The Babington Plot
▪ Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary Stuart and this group. -
The Execution of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
▪ Mary Stuart was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death.
▪ She was executed in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs -
Elizabeth's Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
Challenges to the Queen's legitimacy : this problem was overcome thanks to the hge theorical efforts
▪ She had to find an image of monarchy that was adapted to a woman but at the same time would convey royal authority (patriarchal society)
▪ In her speeches she doesn't consider herself as an ordinary woman : a Virgin Queen, a Goddess + the use of masculine analogies. - the two bodies theory (natural and political body) -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
BACKGROUND
▪ Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth. In retaliation, and to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain. As a result, Philip II attempted to invade England. = It was a complete defeat, England was victorious
REASONS FOR VICTORY
▪ A material advantage : a modern fleet of 800 ships was constructed ; new strategy by England ; used the Dutch strategy of incendiary ships
▪ A human advantage : efforts -
Period: to
King James I's reign
▪ He was firstly proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567, then crowned King of England in 1603 after Elizabeth's death.
▪ He was a strong believer in divine rights of Kings -
The Gunpowder Plot
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
The Great Contract
▪ James I needed money because he inherited a £100 000 debt and he spend his money on gifts to fiends and courtiers, just to show his richness. (ex : the "double supper")
▪ With the contract, he would received a fixed sum, but some members of the Parliament feared the King wouldn't need to call them anymore for money (James I would be financially independent)
▪ The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract so James I dismissed Parliament ! -
Period: to
The Thirty Years' War
▪ The Elector Palatine was invited to take the throne of Protestant Bohemia in place of the Emperor Ferdinand Habsburg. The Emperor sent his army, he was supported by Catholic Spain. The EP was supported by Fance, German princes, Scandinavia and the Dutch Republic.
▪ James summoned a Parliament in 1621 to ask for money for war. Parl did not favour for a direct military attack, they protested. James tore the Commons' Protestation and dissolved Parl.
▪ In 1624, Parl agreed to finance the war. -
James I's death
▪ He died during the Thirty Years' War
▪ His son Charles I succeded him -
Period: to
King Charles I's reign
▪ He believed in the divine right of Kings
▪ He was married to the French Princess Henrietta Maria, who was an absolutist and Catholic
▪ He favoured a minority wing of Anglicans : The Arminians -
Petition of rights
▪ Members of Parliament requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial-law, imprisonment without trial. They wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his power.
▪ Charles signed it but was furious
▪ Members of Parliament were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, so Charles suspended Parliament seating -
Period: to
The Personal Rule
▪ 11 years when the King ruled without calling a Parliament. Whig historians called it "The Eleven Years Tyranny"
▪ Charles I favoured the Arminians led by Archbishop Laud. Puritans were forced to obey or leave.
▪ Archbishop Laud was determined to impose uniformity in Church practice ; sign of the cross, the importance of the sacraments was re emphasized, bowing at the name of Jesus, changes to the location of the altar in churches.
▪ Many Protestants saw this as a return to Catholicism !! -
Period: to
The Scottish Crisis
▪ Following the 1603 Union of Crowns, Scotland and England started to share the same monarch, though the two countries were still independent kingdoms for the newt hundred year.
▪ In 1637, King Charles I attempted to draw the Churchof Scotland into line with the Church of England. (Calvinist into Anglican). He also attempted to impose a New Prayer Book.
▪ A riot erupted in St Giles's Cathedral, Edinburgh and it would turn soon into a widespread rebellion knownas the Bishops' War -
The Scottish National Covenant
▪ It was a petition opposing Charles' religious policy, it called for the spiritual independence of the Scottish Church to be maintained.
▪ According to King Charles I, it was an act of open rebellion.
▪ Then, Scotland and England both started to form an army
▪ This led to the Bishops' War -
Peace Treaty
▪ Treaty of Ripon : Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scots' army -
The Long Parliament
▪ Charles I called a Parliament for the first time in 11 years. He needed money to fight the Scots
▪ It was first called "The Short Parliament" because the members demanded the King to address their grievances first, so the King dissolved the Parliament after 3 weeks.
▪ But Charles had to call Parliament again because the Scots invaded England - The Long Parliament, it would not be dissolved until 1660 -
Militia Act
▪ Because of the Irish Rebellion
▪ The Parliament passed the Militia Act so the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament.
▪ It took away the King's ability to appoint whoever he wanted. -
The Irish Rebellion
▪ An armed revolt broke out in Ireland
▪ James I had implemented a plantation policy = sending English and Scottish protestant colonists to Ireland, taking the lands of Irish Catholics
▪ Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers.
▪ Massacre of 3 000 or 4 000 protestants -
The Grand Remonstrance
▪ Important document voted by Parliament after heated debates. It summarized all the wrong doings of Charles I and conclued on revolutionary demands.
▪ The text divided Parliament into 2 groups : The Parliamentarians and The Royalists
-Parliamentarians believed that reform was necessary to safeguard the liberties of subjects, the rights of Parliament and Protestant Church
-Royalists thought that the Grand Remonstrance's demands were too extreme and wanted a negotiated settlement with the King -
Charles I and conflicts with Parliament
▪ The King believed that John Pym and 4 other members of Parliament were plotting against the Queen. He wanted to impeach them but Parliament refused. He marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest them. -
Period: to
The Civil Wars
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Charles I declared war on Parliament
▪ There could never be any peace between the King and the Parliament
▪ Fearing for his life, Charles left London for York
▪ Parliament presented the 19 propositions to the King (Charles as a constitutional monarch)
▪ After going to the House of Commons and trying to arrest the 5 members of Parliament he suspected of plotting, he formally declared war on Parliament. -
Period: to
The First Civil War
▪ It would cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmen
▪ It lasted for four years. -
The New Model Army
▪ A new army was created in 1644 by the Parliamentarians. It was a national, centralized army, controlled and paid from Westminster rather than the countries
▪ It was a vehicle for the emergence of new radical ideas : Democracy, importance of people, Egalitarianism -
The Victory of Parliamentarians
▪ In May 1646, The King and the Royalists surrendered
▪ Charles I surrendered to the Scots who handed him to Parliament
▪ Thinking the War was over, the House of Commons decided to disband the New Model Army but without praying the soldiers what they were due.
▪ This led to mutiny
▪ In june 1647, the New Model Army seized the King -
The King's escape and alliance
▪ Charles I escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots
- He promised to introduce Presbytarianism and Calvinism into England, in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power -
Period: to
The Second Civil War
This second Civil War was made of a series of revolts in the south of England, Wales and Scotland:
▪ The Royalists were easily defeated by Cromwell
▪ Very short revolt : January - Autumn 1648 -
1649 Events
▪ A law abolished monarchy
▪ The House of Lords was abolished
▪ The House of Commons had supreme authority
▪ England was declared a Commonwealth
▪ England ruled as a Republic -
Period: to
The Commonwealth and the Regicide
▪ The Regicide was welcomed with shock and dismay in England and Europe, reinforced by Royalist propaganda describing the king as a martyr. -
Period: to
The Interregnum
=Between 2 reigns, 2 kings
▪ England was then declared a Commonwealth, after King's death. But there was failure to reach stability that led to the creation of a "Military Protectorate" ruled by Cromwell.
▪ Many events occured with republican forms of government, during the Interregnum
▪ But there was a main problem : any republican regime needed the support of both the propertied classes who wanted stability and order and the army who wanted religious toleration and reforms -
The execution of King Charles I
▪ He was put on trial for high treason -
Abolition and Republic
▪ A law abolished monarchy and The House of Lords were also abolished.
▪ England was declared a Commonwealth so ruled as a Republic, which means that England was governed by its people without a king.
▪ The House of Commons had supreme authority -
The Blasphemy Act
▪ Blasphemy means Attack on God
▪ The Levellers who criticized Cromwell were imprisoned. They were in favour of equality, they wanted electoral reforms and religous freedom
▪ The Quaker James Nayler was convicted for blasphemy and harshly punished -
Charles II king of Scotland + England's invasion
▪ After his father's death, Charles II was proclaimed new king of Scotland
▪ He raised a Scottish Army to invade England
▪ Cromwell defeated the Scottish Army in 1650 and crushed the uprising of the Scots Royalist force led by Charles II in 1651
▪ Charles II escaped -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell's govern
▪ He was Lord Protector and Lord General -
Parliament Dissolution
▪ Cromwell dissolved Parliament because of problems such as : Slow progress with electoral reform and tensions between Army and Parliament.
▪ Riding through the House of Commons, Cromwell ordered the Members of Parliament to leave -
The end of the Commonwealth
▪ After Cromwell dissolved Parliament in april because of conflicts, it is the end of the Commonwealth.
▪ Yet, it is the start of the Cromwellian Protectorate, aslo called Military Portectorate. -
Cromwell's death
▪ His son Richard became Lord Protector, after his death but he resigned after 6 months.
▪ This led to a period of Anarchy = 7 governments in less than a year !
▪ People longed for a return to order, increasing support for monarchy. -
The end of the Protectorate + Charles II New King
▪ Charles II is the son of Charles I. He succeeded his dad, after Cromwell's death and issued the Declaration of Breda
▪ This Declaration promised : a general amnesty, to continue religious toleration, to share power with Parliament. And all of this in return for the restoration of Monarchy -
Period: to
The Clarendon Code
▪ It is a series of laws which passed during the first 5 years of the Restoration
▪ Repressive towards religious groups not belonging to the Anglican Church -
The Declaration of Breda
▪ It restored the monarchy and the King could reign. -
Act of Uniformity
▪ All the ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer -
Period: to
The Political Crisis
During this poitical crisis :
▪ The Popish Plot (1678)
▪ The Exclusion Crisis (1679 - 1681) -
The Popish plot
▪ It was a rumour that a plot was organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II -
Period: to
The Exclusion Crisis
▪ Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne
▪ Charles II dissolved the Parliament -
Charles II's death
▪ His brother James II succeeded him. -
The Glorious Revolution
There were important tensions. Then a crisis happened because James' second wife gave him a son, a Catholic heir ! Which means a threat to Portestantism and Parliament's power !
▪ Parliament invited the King's son in law to invade England and seize the crown. He landed with an army of 15 000 mens and met no resistance. James' army was desintegrated and officers were deserted.
▪ James II fled to France and William became King William III -
The Toleration Act
▪ It established religious pluralism, and freedom of worship for all Protestants -
The Bill of Rights
▪ William III and Mary II were joint monarchs
▪ Bill of Rights limited the monarch's power for the first time -no Catholic was to inherit the throne ; Parliament had to consent to new laws ; Parliament gained control over finances and over army
▪ It set out the rights of Parliament -freedom of speech, free elections.
▪ It set out basic civil rights
▪ It included a key political text -it was an essential document of the uncodified British consitution ; it was a model for the US Bill of Rights -
Act of Settlement
Why ? Because King William III and Mary II had no surviving children and all the potential Stuart successors were Catholic.
▪ The Act of Settlement ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs.
▪ It put an end to the 16th and 17th quarrel between King and Parliament.
- A new balance of powers in favour of Parliament -
Act of Union between England and Scotland
▪ The Creation of the United Kingdom and the Great Britain = England (and Wales) and Scotland
Summary :
▪ Scotland had been occupied under Cromwell
▪ Under Restoration : the Parliament regained control but the king of England was Scotland's monarch.
▪ Always threat of French invasion through Scotland, or rising in favour of James II