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Science as Social Knowledge
Science is influenced by social constructs. From the research questions asked, the interpretations of results, the observations viewed, is heavily influenced by society. our knowledge is constricted by social construct. The ideal that science is value-free is an ideal that one strives for but does not necessarily achieves. Longino, Helen E. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press -
The Fate of Knowledge
Expands the idea that science is influenced by society. This influence is not necessarily a bad thing. With social and science interlinked, provide us with a basis for cognitive knowledge. We need to acknowledge this influence rather than be choosing to be unaware. Argues that social and science should not feel that they need to exclude each other to remain meaningful and objective.
Longino, Helen E. 2002. The Fate of Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press -
Debated theories
Philip Kitcher and Helen Longino have four responses to each other in the Journal of Philosophy of Science in December 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1086/344618
https://doi.org/10.1086/344617
https://doi.org/10.1086/344620
https://doi.org/10.1086/344619 -
NSF Grant
NSF Grant to support Workshop on Pluralism in Philosophy of Science, October 2002,
(co-PI with C.K. Waters and Stephen Kellert.) -
Studying Human Behavior: How Scientists Investigate Aggression and Sexuality
Human behaviors like aggression and sexual orientation and the various forms of behavioral biologic approaches (BBA) in the field of scientific investigations. These various BBAs are useful of having several different approaches to explain behavior. If there was more inclusion of multiple BBAs, it may be more useful to guide policies.
Longino, Helen E. 2013. Studying Human Behavior: How Scientists Investigate Aggression and Sexuality, published by University of Chicago Press -
youtube video: Should Science Be Value-Free? - Philosophy of Science
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVWD6EOuG-I (Skip over to 5min45 seconds to get to the part of the video that discusses Dr Longino thoughts)